... là in Vietnamese. English ADs showing the degree of truth 7 ADs do not have exact Vietnamese equivalents, which may create difficulties for Vietnamese learners of English in interpreting and ... For instance, in the following sentences, learners of English may get confused in distinguish between MA and AD. 2.2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1. Defining Disjuncts and ADs Downing and ... pragmatic using of English ADs in the held of translation and interpretation Adverbs in general and ADs in particular. Moreover, for the purpose of hedging, in English the ADs indicating the speaker’s...