LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY A Top-Down Approach - Chapter 7 pps
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY A Top-Down Approach - Chapter 7 pps
... Figure 7. 1 shows a hypothetical landscape overlaid with 100 hexagonal cells. Each grid cell is assigned a habitat value for a particular organism. At first appearance, the landscape appears to have ... LLCAverage habitat quality over the region for Sj can be calculated by assign-ing values to each habitat. Let optimal habitat have a value of 8, suboptimal habitat a value of 6, marginal a ... and are played out locally.For example, Geoffroy's cats (Oncifelis geoffroyi) weigh 2.5 kg in Paraguay and 5 kg in Patagonia. The crested caracara (Caracara plancus) of Patagonia is half...
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LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY in AGROECOSYSTEMS MANAGEMENT - CHAPTER 12 pps
... sustainable develop-ment of rural areas is a major goal of the national and international politics that arerelated to nonurban areas.Most rural areas are dominated by agricultural land use. ... noncultural biotopes of a landscape (Briassoulis, 2001). Whenassessing the impact of land-use changes for a large area, in most cases only datawith a low level of spatial detail are available for ... data sets without a detailedspatial resolution are available as statistical data for an entire region. Approaches of Modeling Land Use and the Effects of Land Use After indicators to be addressed...
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Toxicological Risk Assessment of Chemicals: A Practical Guide - Chapter 7 ppsx
... Health and Welfare Canada (1981)3–5 0. 87 1.50 Health and Welfare Canada (1981)1–10 0 .74 1.29 Ershow and Cantor (1989)6– 17 1.14 2.21 Health and Welfare Canada (1981)11–19 0. 97 1 .70 Ershow and ... ml=kg=day 79 .4 ml=kg=day11–19 a 0. 97 L=day 0. 87 L=day 1 .7 L=day 2.0 L=day18 ml=kg=day 16 ml=kg=day 32 ml=kg=day 40 ml=kg=dayAdults (above 19 years) a 1.4 L=day 1.3 L=day 2.3 L=day21 ml=kg=day ... Ershow and Cantor (1989 - cited in US-EPA 19 97) .bFrom Canadian Ministry of Health and Welfare (1992 - cited in US-EPA 19 97) .cFrom Ershow et al. (1991 - cited in US-EPA 19 97) .dFrom McNall and...
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ENZYME KINETICS A MODERN APPROACH – PART 7 ppsx
... treatment above assumes that there are no differences in heat capac-ity between native and denatured states of an enzyme and that the heatcapacity remains constant throughout the temperature ... universal gas constant,and T (K) the absolute temperature. From Eq. (12. 17) we can deducethat for a constant value of A, a higher E a translates into a lower kD.Asdiscussed previously, at a constant ... both enthalpic and entropicterms and is a more reliable indicator of enzyme stability. A smaller,or more negative, standard-state free-energy change is associated with a more spontaneous process....
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Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach - Chapter 2 ppsx
... circlewith radius equal to the semi-major axis a eis drawn as shown in Figure 2.6. A line is drawn from point A perpendicular to the x-axis and intercepts it at Eand the circle at D. The position A( x, ... the x-axis is along the equator, they-axis is pointing inward to the paper, and the z-axis is along the north pole ofthe earth. Assume that the user position is on the x-z plane and this assumptiondoes ... Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, vols.1 and2, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 370 L’Enfant Promenade,SW, Washington, DC,1996.3. Kay, S. M., Fundamentals...
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Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach - Chapter 5 pps
... ofthe transmitting satellite. The MSB (bit 77 ) indicates a summary of thehealth of the navigation data, where bit 77 equals:0 All navigation data are OK.1 Some or all navigation data are bad.5.18 ... second row shows a navigation databit that has a data rate of50 Hz; thus, a data bit is 20 ms long and contains20 C/ A codes. Thirty data bits make a word that is 600 ms long as shown inthe ... Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, vols.1 and2, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 370 L’Enfant Promenade,SW, Washington, DC,1996.12. van Graas, F., Braasch,...
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Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach - Chapter 6 pps
... Spilker(11)indicated that a 1-bit ADCdegrades the signal-to-noise ratio by1.96 dB and a 2-bit ADC degrades thesignal-to-noise by0.55 dB. Many commercial GPS receivers use only 1- or2-bit ADCs.Chang(12)claims ... is a single channel tocollect real data and the other is an in-phase and quadrature phase (I-Q) chan-nel to collect complex data. In both approaches, the input signals can be eitherdown-converted ... the baseband, or to alias the GPS L16 .7 SAMPLING FREQUENCY AND BAND ALIASING FOR REAL DATA COLLECTION 1 17 6 .7 SAMPLING FREQUENCY AND BAND ALIASING FOR REAL DATACOLLECTION(10)If only one ADC...
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Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach - Chapter 7 pdf
... CODE SIGNALSFIGURE 7. 6 Effect of phase transition on the delay and multiplication method.search for 1 ms of data to acquire a satellite. Longer data are needed for acquir-ing a certain satellite.One ... the dis-cussion in Section 7. 6; however, the input data do not arrive in a continuousmanner. This operation is suitable for a block of data. The input data are sam-pled with a 5 MHz ADC and stored ... is that a navigation data change does not have a sig-nificant effect on the correlation result. Figure 7. 6 shows this result. In Figure 7. 6a there is no phase shift due to navigation data. The...
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Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers A Software Approach - Chapter 8 pps
... to track20 ms of data without a navigation data phase transition,one must find a phase transition in the data. This requirement puts an additionalrestraint on the acquisition program. The acquisition ... against each other through an arctangent comparator.The arctangent operation is insensitive to the phase transition caused by thenavigation data and it can be considered as one type of a Costas loop. ... sensitivitythan the tracking program. From experimental results it appears that as longas the acquisition program can find a signal, the tracking program can track itwithout any difficulty.In Equation...
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LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY A Top-Down Approach - Chapter 4 pps
... separated by an ecotone, and having a large spatial extent. Landscape ecology includes the study of landscape effects that can take place in a 1-m2 plot. Landscape ecology requires that these ... extends across Siberia, the largest tract of forest on earth, constitute an ecosystem or a landscape? How does an elevational gradient cre - ate landscapes? What is the analog of the boreal forest ... Mitigating human-caused changes must be achieved with an appreciation for the natu - ral background processes that continue to cause landscape evolution. That is, establishing a national park or reserve,...
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