... channel
❍
receiver read data from underlying channel
Wait for
call from
above
packet = make_pkt(data)
udt_send(packet)
rdt_send(data)
extract (packet,data)
deliver_data(data)
Wait for
call from
below
rdt_rcv(packet)
sender
receiver
... TCP and UDP
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data ... link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
...
... stored
audio and video
2) Streaming live
audio and video
3) Real-time
interactive audio
and video
Jitter is the variability
of packet delays within
the same packet stream
7: Multimedia Networking ... is a positive constant.
Remaining packets in talkspurt are played out periodically
7: Multimedia Networking 7-5
MM Networking Applications
Fundamental
characteristics:
❒
Typically delay ... resolution
audio stream as the
redundant information
ã for example, nominal
stream PCM at 64 kbps
and redundant stream
GSM at 13 kbps.
ã
Whenever there is non-consecutive loss, the
receiver can conceal...
... management
agent
data
agent
data
agent
data
agent
data
managed device
managed device
managed device
managed device
managing
entity
data
network
management
protocol
definitions:
managed devices
contain
managed objects
... whose
data is gathered into a
Management Information
Base (MIB)
managing entity
Network
Management
9-
15
SNMP protocol
Two ways to convey MIB info, commands:
agent
data
Managed device
managing
entity
response
agent
data
Managed ... management?
❒
Internet- standard management framework
❍
Structure of Management Information: SMI
❍
Management Information Base: MIB
❍
SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings
❍
Security and Administration
❒
ASN.1
...
... to Bob. In a similar manner, theInternet has an
API that the program sending data must follow to have theInternet deliver the
data to the program that will receive the data.
The postal service, ... actively add and update this material over time. As in earlier edi-
tions, the Web site contains the interactive Java applets that animate many key
networking concepts. The site also has interactive ... upstream rates are different, the access is
said to be asymmetric. The actual downstream and upstream transmission rates
achieved may be less than the rates noted above, as the DSL provider may purpose-
fully...