... available: ❍delay guarantees❍bandwidth guaranteesapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata ... channel❍receiver read data from underlying channelWait for call from abovepacket = make_pkt(data)udt_send(packet)rdt_send(data)extract (packet,data)deliver_data(data)Wait for call from belowrdt_rcv(packet)senderreceiver ... layer❒more than one transport protocol available to apps❍ Internet: TCP and UDPapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalapplicationtransportnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata linkphysicalnetworkdata...
... stored audio and video2) Streaming live audio and video3) Real-time interactive audio and videoJitter is the variability of packet delays within the same packet stream 7: Multimedia Networking ... resolutionaudio stream as the redundant information• for example, nominal stream PCM at 64 kbpsand redundant streamGSM at 13 kbps.• Whenever there is non-consecutive loss, the receiver can conceal ... is a positive constant. Remaining packets in talkspurt are played out periodically 7: Multimedia Networking 7-5MM Networking Applications Fundamental characteristics:❒Typically delay sensitive❍end-to-end...
... managementagentdataagentdataagentdataagentdatamanaged devicemanaged devicemanaged devicemanaged devicemanagingentitydatanetworkmanagementprotocoldefinitions:managed devices containmanaged objects whose data ... management?❒ Internet- standard management framework❍Structure of Management Information: SMI❍Management Information Base: MIB❍SNMP Protocol Operations and Transport Mappings❍Security and Administration❒ASN.1 ... data is gathered into a Management InformationBase (MIB) managing entity Network Management9-15SNMP protocolTwo ways to convey MIB info, commands:agentdataManaged devicemanagingentityresponseagentdataManaged...
... learners can model their own work in this area of academic writing. The Internet The Internet has made many opportunities available to both learners and educators that were not feasible in the ... features of academic essays (topic sentences, paragraphs, conclusions), but rather the differences, namely connectors and organization, which set compare/contrast essays apart from other academic ... a few. And, at our very fingertips are assorted, authenticmaterials whose access are not limited to either temporal or spatial constraints, for the Internet is easily accessed 24 hours a day...