nfpa17 technical committee on dry and wet chemical extinguishing systems

... pulmonary form, except that submucosal edema of the cecum, large colon and rectum is more pronounced. In the mixed form the lesions are a combination of those found in the pulmonary and ... pleural adhesions, caseous pneumonia and enlarged lymph nodes. Non-septic fibrinous pericarditis and necrotic skin lesions are also common. b. Key microscopic Microscopically the lesions of acute ... Prevention requires effective trade regulations and good biosecurity. Once established in an area, tick control becomes very important in successful eradication of the disease. Disinfection and...

... suggeststheimportanceofallowingabbreviations (and evenautomaticword-completions),providingrapid on- linespellingcorrection,dictionarymaintenance(includingfacilitiesfordefiningnewmacro-expansionsbased on functionkeys and specialkeyboardaids)aswellashelpful on- linesyntaxchecking,ambiguityreduction and otherhelpfacilities.Theresistancetotheuseofkeyboardsalsoemphasizestheimportanceofexploringotherpossiblemodesofinput,includingspeech and pointingdevices.Inaddition,aswehavealreadysuggested,developmentofthesortofnaturallanguagesystemthatwouldbetrulyusefulraisesahostofdeepproblemsthatarecurrentlyunderInvestigation ... withoutbuildinganyotherrepresentationofwhatthequerymeans.AlthoughtheSODAquerythatresultsfromtheanalysisofanEnglishqueryrepresents,atleastinsomesense,theintendedmeaningofthelatter,itdoessoinawaythatdirectlyreflectsthestructureofthedatabasebeingqueried.Consequently,iftwodatabasesencodethesameinformationindifferentstructures,theresultwillbetwodifferentdatabasequeriesforthesameEnglishsentence.Forexample,ifauserasks“HowmanySwissmountainsarethere?”thedatabasequeriesgeneratedinresponsetohisquerycanlookverydifferent,depending on whetherthetuplesrepresentingSwisspeaksaredistinguishedfromthoserepresentingotherpeaksbytheirmembershipinadifferentrelation,orbythepresenceoftheword“SWZ”inaCOUNTRYfield.Theproblemthiscreatesisnotjustanaestheticone:toacquirethesemantic and pragmaticrulesnecessaryforgeneratingadatabasequerydirectlyfromanEnglishquery,TEAMwouldhavetoasktheDBEaboutfarmorethanthestructure and contentsofthedatabase.Answeringtheessentialquestionsforsuchanacquisitionwouldrequirethekindofexpertiseinnatural-languageprocessingthatTEAMisintendedtorenderunnecessary.Thus,thedemandsoftransportabilityprecludeuseoftheSODAlanguageastheprimaryrepresentationofthemeaningofqueries.62.2LogicalFormLogicalformplaysacentralroleinTEAM:itmediatesbetweenthewayanenduserthinksabouttheinformationinadatabase,asrevealedinhisqueriestothesystem, and thewayinformationcanberetrievedthroughqueriesinaformaldatabase-querylanguage.Thepredicates and termsinthelogicalform-foraparticularqueryarederived-frominformationinthelexicon -and conceptual1naddition,DIALOGICwasdesignedtobeagenerallanguageunderstandingsystemthatcanbeappliedtotasksotherthandatabasequerying.Therefore,itwasundesirabletorestrictitsapplicationbychoosinganunsuitablesemanticrepresentation.—15—schema;7,hence,thechoiceoflogicalformindirectlyaffectsthedesignofthosecomponentsofthesystem and determines,inpart,theinformationtheDBEmustsupply.ThelogicalformemployedbyTEAMisfirst-orderlogicextendedbycertainintensional and higher-orderoperators and augmentedwithspecialquantifiersfordefinitedeterminers and interrogativedeterminers.MuchresearchhasbeendonetodeviseappropriatelogicalformsformanykindsofsentencesMoor8l],butthatinvestigationliesbeyondthescopeofthisarticle.2.3WhatInformationIsAcquired2.3.1TheLexiconThelexiconisarepositoryoftheinformationabouteachwordthatisnecessaryformorphological,syntactic, and semanticanalysis.Therearetwoclassesoflexicalitems:closed and open.Closedclasses(e.g.,pronouns,conjunctions, and determiners)containonlyafinite,usuallysmallnumberoflexicalitems.Typically,thesewordshavecomplex and specializedgrammaticalfunctions,alongwithatleastsome]fixedmeaningsthatareindependentofthedomain.Theyarelikelytooccurwithhighfrequencyinqueriestoalmostanydatabase.Openclasses(e.g.,nouns,verbs,adjectives)aremuchlarger and themeaningsoftheirmemberstendtovary,depending on theparticulardatabase and domain.Therefore,mostclosed-classwordsarebuiltintotheinitialTEAMlexicon,whileopen-classwordsareacquiredforeachdomainseparately.However,thereareanumberofopen-classwords,suchasthosecorrespondingtoconceptsintheinitialconceptualschema(seeSection2.3.2) and wordsforcommonunitsofmeasure(e.g.,“meter”,“pound”),thataresobroadlyapplicabletosomanydatabasedomainsthattheyareincludedintheinitiallexiconaswell.Lexicalentriesincludethoseforthenamesoffilesubjects(i.e.,theentitiesaboutwhichsomerelationcontainsinformation—e.g.,peaksforPEAK, and countriesforWORLDCinthesampledatabaseillustratedinFigure1.3),fieldnames, and fieldvalues.Inaddition,theDBEcansupplyadjectives and verbs,aswellassynonymsforwordsalreadyacquired(seeSection2.4).Associatedwitheverylexicalentryissyntactic and semanticinformationforeachofitssenses.Syntacticinformationconsistsofitsprimarycategory(e.g.,noun,verb,oradjective),subcategory(e.g.,count,unit,ormassfornouns;objecttypesforverbs), and morphology.Semanticinformationdepends on thesyntacticcategory.Theentryforeachnounincludesthesort(s)orindividual(s)intheconceptualschema(Section2.3.2)towhichthatnouncanrefer.Entriesforadjectives and verbsincludetheconceptualpredicatetowhichtheyrefer,plusinformationabouthowthevarioussyntacticconstituentsofasentencemapontoargumentsofthepredicate.Scalaradjectives(e.g.,“high”)alsoincludeanindicationofdirection on thescale(plusorminus).2.3.2ConceptualSchemaTheconceptualschemacontainsinformationabouttheobjects,properties, and relationsinthedomainofthedatabase.Itincludessetsofindividuals,predicates,constraints on theargumentsofpredicates, and theinformationneededforcertainpragmaticprocessing.Theinformationalcontentissimilartothatcommonlyencodedinsemanticnetworks,buttheapparatususedismoreeclectic.Theconceptualschemaconsistsofasorthierarchy and descriptionsofvariouspropertiesofnonsortpredicates.Thesorthierarchyrelatescertainmonadicjpredicatesthatplayaprimaryroleincategorizingindividuals.Thesearecalledsortpredicates(representedhereinitalicsasinPERSON).TEAMwasdesignedwithaconsiderableamountofthisconceptualinformationbuiltin.Figure3illustrates7Asnotedpreviously,thespecificformdependsalso on generalsyntactic,semantic, and pragmaticrulesforEnglishthatareencodedinthevariouscomponentsofDIALOGIC.—16—THINGpJIysiCal-obfeetatitract-otJ.ctttgat-pezsw.pefitiocatioi,scald,~hst-qbsmwsuze-witlcgcZ-ab~nameqnalityfsaW.r.COWitnwsatetimetime-~wsateWCiIM-mmasvzesped-measareeotw,w-m~asartlir.sar-meaSVJiarea-medsateworth-measuretpera~re-measure/peak-heightFigure3:AFragmentofTEAM’sSortHierarchyaportionofthishierarchy.Eachlineconnectinglevelsofthehierarchysignifiesaset-subsetrelationshipbetweentwocategoriesofindividuals.Thesortsconnectedbythesmallarcsdirectlybelowthenodesaredisjoint;thatis,noindividualca~beintwosortsjoinedinthismanner.Thesorthierarchygrowsasinformationaboutadatabaseisacquired.Th~DBEisrequiredtopositionsomeofthenewlyacquiredconceptsintheirappropriateplacesinthehierarchy.Eachfieldinthedatabaseisassociatedwiththesortofobjectsthatcanappearinthatfield.Severaladditionalpropertiesareassociatedwiththesortsderivedfromsymbolicfields and fromcertainkindsofarithmeticfields.Witheachsortobtainedfromasymbolicfield,TEAMassociatesapredicatethatencodestherelationshipbetweenthatsort and thesortofthefilesubject.Forexample,fortherelationWORLDCinSection1.3,whichincludesinformationaboutcapitals and continents,thesystemwouldlinkthesortWORLDC-CAPITALwiththepredicateWORLDC-CAPITAL-OF(inthisarticle,predicatesareshowninboldface),whichtakestwoarguments:thefirstofsortWORLDC-CAPITAL,thesecondofsortCOUNTRY.Thislinkisusedinhandlingquerieslike“WhatisthecapitalofeachcountryinEurope?”Inparticular,itisusedtodeterminewhatitmeansforacapitaltobe“of”acountry,orloracountrytobe“in”Europe.Additionalpropertiesofthesortindicatewhetherindividualinstancesofitcanmodifyorstandforinstancesofthesortofthefilesubject(e.g.,“Europeancountries,”butnot“Europeans”canbeusedtorefertothecountriescsatisfyingthepredication(CONTINENT-OFcEUROPE)).Sortsthatcorrespondtoarithmeticfieldscontainingmeasures(e.g.,length,age)alsoincludeinformationaboutboththeimplicitunitofmeasurement(e.g.,feet,years), and thekindofthingbeingmeasured(e.g.,linearextent,temporalextent).Severalotherkindsofinformationareassociatedwithnonsortpredicates.Adelineationspecifiestheconstraints on thesortsforeachofapredicate’sarguments;multipledelineationsaresupportedbutcannotbedescribedinthisbriefformat.Predicatescorrespondingtocomparative-formingadjectives(e.g.,~“tall”)~havetwoadditionalproperties:~alink~to~thepredicatethatspecifiesthedegree(e.g.,PEAK-HEIGHTinourexample), and anindicationofpolarityalongthescalebeingmeasured(e.g.,plusforTALL,minusforSHORT).—17—SEPTEMBER1985VOL.8NO.3aquarterlybulletinoftheIEEEcomputersociety technical committee DatabaseEngineeringContentsLetterfromtheEditor1Databases and NaturalLanguageProcessingZ.W.Pylyshyn and R.I.Kittredge2TEAM:AnExperimentalTransportableNaturalLanguageInterfaceP.Martin,D.E.Appelt,8.J.Grosz, and F.Pereira10AMultilingualInterfacetoDatabasesH.Lehmann,N.Ott, and M.Zoeppritz23Evaluation and AssessmentofaDomain-IndependentNaturalLanguageQuery ... addinformationashegainsexperiencewithTEAM and thetypesofquestionsthatareaskedbytheendusers.Inanattempttosatisfyalltheseconstraints,themenu-orientedsystemdepictedinFigure4wasdeveloped.Theacquisitionsystemconsistsofamenuofgeneralcommandsattheverytop,threemenusassociatedwithrelations,fields, and lexicalitemsrespectively, and, atthebottom,a—19—Figure5:AcquiringtheVirtualRelationsPKCONT and HEMICwindowforquestions and answers.WhentheDBEusesthemousetoselectoneoftheitemsfromthethreemenus,asetofquestionsappearsinthequestion-answeringareaatthebottomofthedisplay,towhichhecanthenrespond.Oneofthegeneralprinciplesofacquisitionisevidentfromthisdisplay,namely,thattheacquisitioniscenteredupontherelations and fieldsinthedatabase,becausethisistheinformationmostfamiliartotheDBE.Theanswerstoeachquestioncanaffectthelexicon,theconceptualschema, and thedatabaseschema.TheDBEneednotbeawareofexactlywhyTEAMposesthequestionsitdoes—allhehastodoisanswerthemcorrectly.Eventheentriesdisplayedinthewordmenuowetheirpresencetoquestionsaboutthedatabase.TheDBEvolunteersentriestothismenuonlyinthecaseofverbacquisition,tosupplyanadjectivecorrespondingtosomenounalreadyinTEAM’slexicon,ortoenterasynonymforsomelexicon-residentword.TheDBEisassumednottohaveanyknowledgeofformallinguisticsorofnatural-languageprocessingmethods.Heisassumed,however,toknowsomegeneralfactsaboutEnglish—forexample,whatpropernouns,verbs,plurals, and tenseare,butnothingmoredetailedthanthat.Ifmoresophisticatedlinguisticinformationisrequired,asinthecaseofverbacquisition,TEAMproceedsbyaskingquestionsaboutsamplesentences,allowingtheDBEtorely on hisintuitionasanativespeaker, and extractingtheinformationitneedsfromhisresponses.Virtualrelationsarespecifiediconically.TheleftsideofFigure5showstheacquisitionofavirtualrelationthatidentifiesthecontinent(PKCONT-CONTINENT,derivedfromWORLDC-CONTINENT)ofapeak(PKCONT-NAME,fromPEAK-NAME)byperformingadatabasejoin on thePEAK-COUNTRY and WORLDC-CONTINENTfields.Similarly,therightsideofFigure5showstheacquisitionofthevirtualrelationthatencodesthehemisphere(HEMIC-HEMI)ofacountry(HEMIC.NAME)byjoining on theWORLDC-CONTINENT and CONT-NAMEfields.Ifhewishes,theDBEcanchangepreviousanswers.IncrementalupdatesarepossiblebecausemostofthemethodsforupdatingthevariousTEAMstructures(lexicon,schemata)weredevisedtoundotheeffectsofpreviousanswersbeforetheeffectsofnewanswerscouldbeasserted.HelpinformationisalwaysavailabletoassisttheDBEwhenheisunsurehowtoansweraquestion.SelectingthequestiontextwiththemouseproducesamoreelaboratedescriptionoftheinformationTEAMistryingtoelicit,usuallyaccompaniedbypertinentexamples.Finally,theacquisitioncomponentkeepstrackofwhatinformationremainstobesuppliedbeforeTEAMhastheminimumitneedstohandlequeries.TheDBEdoesnothavetodeterminehimselfhowmuchinformationissufficient;allhehastodoistoperceivethatnoacquisitionwindowindicatesremainingunansweredquestions.Ofcourse,theDBEcanalwaysprovideinformationbeyondtheminimum—forexample,bysupplyingadditionalverbs,derivedadjectives,orsynonyms.—20—3ConclusionsTEAMhasbeentestedinavarietyofmultifiledatabasedomainsbyafairlylargenumberofpeopleinadditiontoitsoriginalimplementationteam.Whilethetestinghasbeenmuchlessrigorousthanwouldberequiredforanactualproduct,enoughhasbeenlearnedtoconcludethatthebasicideas~work”—namely,thatitispossibletobuildanatural-languageinterfacethatisgeneralenoughtoallowitsadaptationtonewdomainsbyuserswhoarefamiliarwiththesedomains,butarethemselvesneitherexperts on thesystemitselfnorspecialistsinAlorlinguistics.TEAMhandlesawiderangeofverbs,acapabilitythatisabsolutelyessentialforfluentnatural-languagecommunication.Asitembodiesnodiscoursemodel,itshandlingofpronounresolution and determinerscopingiscorrespondinglylimited.Whileitsgrammarcoverageisquiteextensive,theformalismusedtorepresentit and theprocessesusedtoimplementitareyieldingtonewer and moreperspicuousdesigns~Shie84].Wearenowinvestigatingwaystoprovidetransportabilityinnatural-language systems thatcaninteractwithavarietyofsoftwareservicesbeyonddatabaseaccess and whichmoreextensivediscoursecapabilitieswillbeembodied.AcknowledgmentsJerryR.Hobbs,RobertC.Moore,JaneJ.Robinson, and DanielSagalowiczplayedimportantrolesinthedesignofTEAM.ArmarArchbold,NormanHaas,GaryHendrix,LornaShinkle,MarkStickel and DavidH.Warrenalsocontributedtotheproject.9ReferencesGros85}BarbaraGrosz,DouglasE.Appelt,PaulMartin, and FernandoPereira.TEAM:AnExperimentintheDesignofTransportableNaturalLanguageInterfaces. Technical Note,ArtificialIntelligenceCenter,SRIInternational,MenloPark,California,1985.Cros82]BarbaraGrosz,NormanHaas,GaryC.Hendrix,JerryHobbs,PaulMartin,RobertMoore,JaneRobinson, and StanRosenschein.DIALOCIC:ACoreNatural-LanguageProcessingSystem. Technical Note270,ArtificialIntelligenceCenter,SRIInternational,MenloPark,California,November1982.Hendl7]GaryG.Hendrix.Humanengineeringforappliednaturallanguageprocessing.InProc.oftheFifthInternationalJointConference on ArtificialIntelligence,pages183—191,InternationalJointConferences on ArtificialIntelligence,Cambridge,Massachusetts,August1977.Mart83]PaulMartin,DouglasAppelt, and FernandoPereira.Transportability and generalityinanatural-languageinterfacesystem.InAlanBundy,editor,Proc.oftheEightInternationalJointConference on ArtificialIntelligence,pages573—581,InternationalJointConferences on ArtificialIntelligence,August1983.IMoor79IRobertC.Moore.HandlingComplexQueriesinaDistributedDatabase. Technical ~Note470,~ArtificialIntelligenceCenter,SRIInternational,MenloPark,California,October1979.Moor8l]RobertC.Moore.Problemsinlogicalform.InProc.ofthe19thAnnualMeetingoftheAssociationforComputationalLinguistics,Stanford,California,1981.9ThedevelopmentofTEAMwassupportedbyDARPAcontractsN00039.80.C.0645,N00039.83.C-0109, and N00039.80-C.0575;theNationalLibraryofMedicineNIHgrantLM03611; and NSFgrantIST.8209346.—21—Robi82]JaneJ.Robinson.Diagram:agrammarfordialogues.CommunicationsoftheACM,25(1):27—47,1982.Shie84]StuartM.ShieberThedesignofacomputerlanguageforlinguisticinformation.InProc.ofColing84,pages362—366,AssociationforComputationalLinguistics,June1984.Wa1t75JDavidWaltz.Natural.languageaccesstoalargedatabase:anengineeringapproach.InProc.oftheFourthInternatioalJointConference on ArtificialIntelligence,pages868—872,InternationalConferences on ArtificialIntelligence,September1975.—22—AMULTILINGUALINTERFACETODATABASESHubertLehxnann,NikolausOtt,MagdalenaZoeppritzIBMGermany,}~eidelbergScientificCenterAbstractTheUserSpecialtyLanguages(USL)System,aportableinterfacetorelationaldatabasesinrestrictedEnglish,French,German,Italian, and Spanishisdescribed.Webrieflydiscussourdesignobjectives,theoretical and practicalproblemsweencounteredduringsystemrealization, and theconsequenceswehavedrawnforasuccessorproject.TheGerman and EnglishversionsoftheUSLSystemhavebeenextensivelyevaluatedwithrealusers and realapplications,whichnotonlyshoweduswherewecouldimproveoursystembutalsoprovidedvaluableinsightsforthemethodsofsoftwareergonomics.IntroductionWhenwetalkaboutinteractionwithdatabaseswemustclarifytwothings:1.whoarethegroupsofpeoplewhowanttoobtaininformation, and 2.whataretheoperationstobeperformed on thedatabasetoyieldtheinformationdesired?Thenwecanthinkabouthowtheseoperationsaretobespecifiedbyagivenuser.Anumberofquerylanguageshavebeendevelopedduringthe70’s and effortstoshowtheir“user-friendlinesstt,theirappropriatenessfor“non-DPexperts”havebeenmadewithgreaterorlessersuccess(cf.e.g.LEHN79]forasurvey).Adifferentapproachistoregardhumanquestion-answeringdialogasamodelfortheinteractionwithadatabase,aspresumablyitisbesttotalktothecomputerinone’sownlanguage.Theproblemthenistorelatenaturallanguageexpressionstodatainthedatabase and totheoperationstobeperformed on them.IntheUSLprojectweshowedthat•fragmentsofnaturallanguagecanbeimplementedthatarelargeenoughtobeusablefordatabaseaccess,•thesyntax and semanticsofsuchfragmentscanbedescribedinsuchawaythatthesystembecomesindependentoftheparticulardomainofdiscourse(thispropertyhasbecomeknownas(trans)portability),•adaptationtoanewdomaincanbeachievedwithouttraininginlinguistics,•naturallanguageinterfacescanbebuiltwhichoperate on standarddatabases(i:e~neitherrequirespe~ialrepresentatioflnormaMp~lationofdata).—23—DesignprinciplesTheUSLSystemwasdesignedwiththeobjectivestobeusableinrealisticapplications,tobeportable,toenableadaptationtonewdomainsbynon-linguists, and toprovideaninterfaceto~.i.aitdarddatabases.Alatergoalwastheadaptationtoavarietyofdifferentlanguages,whichbroughtinafewnewaspects,butwas on thewholearelativelystraightforwardtask.TheseobjectiveshadanumberofconsequencesforthedesignoftheUSLsystemwhichwediscussinthefollowingsections.ConsequencesofportabilityAsystemisportableif...

... ,4W5={t2}13)Foreachconjuncti,eachdisjunctr,1whichisa“with”condition and whichisnotamemberS1iseliminated.Intheexample,thisstephasnoeffectsincetherearenodisjunctsthatsatisfythiscondition.14)Foreachconjuncti,eachdisjunctn,1whichisnota“with”condition and whoseT1,1iscontainedinW1iseliminated.Intheexample,thisstephasnoeffectsincetherearenodisjunctsthatsatisfythiscondition.15)Ifconjuncticontainsonly“with”conditions and W1iscontainedinW,thenitisalwaysTrue,sinceitisimpliedbytheotherconjuncts.Thus,thisconjunctcanbeeliminated.Intheexample,thisstephasnoeffectsincethereisonlyoneconjunctwhichisconstitutedby“with”conditions,conjunct5,butW5isnotcontainedinW.16)Ifconjunctscontainsonly“with”conditions and W1containsT,thenitalwaysTrue,sinceit ... typeTYPE-clause;whereCOND-clause;OneormoreconceptualtypescanbespecifiedintheTYPEclause.Theconditionsexpressedinthequeryapplytothedocumentsbelongingtothespecifiedtypes.Ifthetypesindicatedinthequeryhavesubtypes,thenthequeryappliestoallthedocumentshavingastypeoneofthesesubtypes.Whennotypeisspecified,thequerywillapplytoallpossibledocumenttypes.TheconditionsexpressedintheCONDclauseareaBooleancombinationofconditionswhichmustbesatisfiedbythedocumentsretrieved.Conditions on textcomponents and conditions on attributecomponents,ofdifferenttypes,canbemixedintheCONDclause.Atextcondition on thespecialcomponentnamed“text”isappliedtotheentiredocument.Inordertoreferenceaconceptualcomponentinadocument,apath-namemustbespecified.Apath-namehastheform:name1I*]name2.I*]. ... thispaper,wewilldescribesuchtransformations and alsoinwhichcasestheType-Levelprocessordeducesthataqueryisempty.L~.Forthispurpose,wewillpresentthetechniquesusedforthisphaseofqueryprocessinginProjectMULTOS,fortheimplementationofadataserverinwhichdataobjectsareconstitutedbymultimediadocumentswithcomplexinternalstructures.2.TheMULTOSSystemTheMULTOSmultimediadocumentserverhasbeendesigned and implementedwithinprojectMULTOS(BERT85](BERT86I,whichispartoftheEuropeanStrategicProgrammeforResearchinInformationTechnology(ESPRIT).Theinternalstructureofthedocumentserverconsistsofacertainnumberofcomponents:thetypehandlermaintainstypedefinitions and managesalltheoperations on types;thestoragesubsystemprovidesaccessmethodsfordocumentretrieval and allowsthestorageoflargedatavalues,theoperation and structuretranslatormapsdocumentleveloperationsontothedatastructuresofthestoragesubsystem.Thequeryprocessorisresponsiblefortheexecutionofqueries.Itchecksthesyntacticcorrectnessofthequery and performsquerydecomposition and queryoptimization.Theresultofqueryexecutionisthesetofidentifiersofalldocumentssatisfyingthequery.ThequeryprocessorisalsothemodulewhichperformsType-Levelprocessingofthequeries.2.1.TheDocumentModelAmultimediadocumentisacollectionofcomponentswhichcontaindifferenttypesofmultimediainformation, and maybefurtherstructuredintermsofothercomponents(suchasthebodyofapaperthatiscomposedofsections and paragraphs and containsimages and attributesembeddedintext).Forthesereasons,wecanconsidermultimediadocumentsascomplexdataobjects.Thesecomplexstructures,whichcanvarygreatlyfromonedocumentinstancetoanother,cannotbeadequatelydescribedwiththestructuringmechanismsoftraditionaldatamodels.Thus,animportantissueconcernstheadoptionofasuitableconceptualmodel.ThedatamodeladoptedinMULTOSisdefinedinIMULT86], and isbased on theideasexpressedinRABI85] and IBARB85I.DocumentPlaceDateReçeiver+SendelLetter-~-Nam~____NamerAd~1S~StreetCityCountryStreetCityCountryFigure1:ExampleofDocumentType:Generic_LetterDocument---PlaceDate~~e~er+Send~tter_BodyfTiietc.etc.~~~~--Company_LogoProduct_DescriptionSignatureProduct_PresentationProduct_CostFigure2:ExampleofDocumentType:Business_Letter2~Inordertosupportdifferentoperations(i.e.,editing,presentation,retrieval),thedocumentmodelsupportsseveralstructuraldescriptionsofamultimediadocument.Thelogicalstructuredetermineshowlogicalcomponents,suchassections and paragraphs,arerelatedHORA85].Thelayoutstructuredescribeshowdocumentcomponentsarearranged on anoutputdeviceatpresentationtimeHORA85I.Theremaybecouplingsbetweenlogical and layoutstructures.Thedocumentmodeladoptsastandardizedrepresentationbased on ODA(theOfficeDocumentArchitecture,astandardunderdefinitionbyISO,ECMA and CCITTECMA85])forthelogical and layoutstructures.Itisalsoimportanttoseeadocumentintermsofitsconceptualcomponents:aconceptualcomponentisadocumentcomponentwhichhassomecommonlyunderstoodmeaningforthecommunityofusers.Theconceptualstructureisusedforqueryspecification,sinceconceptualcomponentsaremoremeaningfultotheuserthanlogicalorphysicalcomponents and, also,theconceptualstructurei8oftenlesscomplexthanthelogical and layoutstructures.Themaintypeconstructorusedinthisdatamodelisaggregation,whichallowsthedefinitionofacomplexcomponentasthecompositionofitssub-components.Inthismodel,thetypedefinitionofcomplexobjects(i.e.multimediadocuments)canbeorganizedinais—ahierarchy,wheretheinheritanceof(conceptual)componentsbetweencomplexobjecttypesisdescribed.InFig.1theconceptualstructureofthetypeGeneric_Letterissketched.InFig.2theconceptualstructureofthetypeBusiness_Letterissketched.Thesecondtypeisaspecializationofthefirsttype,sincethecomponentLetter_Bodyhasbeenspecializedintofivenewcomponents.Inconceptualmodellingterms,wecansaythatBusiness_Letteris—aGeneric_Letter.Intheexamplesofdocumenttypes,the“+“symbolattachedtothecomponentReceivermeansthatitisamulti-valuedconceptualcomponent.ItshouldbenoticedalsothattheconceptualcomponentsName and AddressappearintwosubtreeshavingasrootsrespectivelytheconceptualcomponentsReceiver and Sender.2.2.TheQuery LanguageQueriesmayhaveconditions on boththecontent and theconceptualstructureofdocuments.Expressingconditions on thedocument’sconceptualstructuremeanstoaskfordocumentshavingtheconceptualcomponentswhosenamesarespecifiedinthecondition.ThequerylanguageisfullydescribedinIMULT86aI.Ingeneral,aqueryhasthefollowingform:finddocumentsversion...

... Computers and business electronics; • Consumer electronics; • Industrial electronics and instrumentation; and • Communication. Today, interconnecting electronics in increasingly complex systems ... telephone applications; and (c) a rigid 2-layer board for automotive applications. SOURCE: CALCE Electronic Products and Systems Center, University of Maryland, and IPC, Association Connecting ... components, and systems. The advent of integrated electronics, such as a system -on- a-chip and multichip modules, has increased speed and reduced latency in electronics. The interconnections...

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... Testing and Interpretationof Results After BCG Vaccination 8Recommendations 10BCG Vaccination for Prevention and Control of TBAmong Children 10BCG Vaccination for Prevention and Control of ... Transmission 12BCG Vaccination for Prevention and Control of TBAmong HIV-Infected Persons 12Contraindications 13BCG Vaccination During Pregnancy 13Implementation of BCG Vaccination 13Vaccine ... additional consultation and technical information, contact CDC’s Division of Tuberculosis Elimination; tele-phone (404) 639-8120.Vaccine AvailabilityThe Tice strain, available from Organon,...