FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES REVISED 2008 S EVENTH E DITION Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association USAHA PO Box 8805 St. Joseph, MO 64508 Phone: 816-671-1144 Fax: 816-671-1201 email: usaha@usaha.org Internet site: www.usaha.org Copyright © 2008 by United States Animal Health Association ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Library of Congress Catalogue Number 2008900990 ISBN 978-0-9659583-4-9 Boca Publications Group, Inc. 2650 N. Military Trail, 240-SZG Boca Raton, FL 33431 bocagroup@aol.com Printed in Canada 3 PREFACE Educating the veterinary profession about Foreign Animal Diseases has been a long tradition of the U. S. Animal Health Association. The first “Gray Book” edition was published more than half a century ago in 1953, with subsequent editions in 1964, 1975, 1984, 1992 and in 1998. Traditionally, the task of the reviewing and updating this book, still familiarly known as the “Gray Book” (despite the white cover of recent editions) falls to the Chair and Co-Chair of the USAHA’s Foreign and Emerging Disease Committee. We are thus indebted to the U.S. Animal Health Association for the opportunity to assemble this, the 7 th edition of Foreign Animal Diseases. There have been vast changes in the world since the last edition was published in 1998. At that time, the World Trade Organization was just three years old and only beginning the tremendous facilitation of international trade that we see today. The last edition was published before Nipah virus in Malaysia, before the massive foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom, before the advent of the term “agroterror”, before SARS had infected any humans, and prior to the possibility of highly pathogenic avian influenza as a human pandemic. Indeed, with so many new pathogens as well as old pathogens surfacing in new and unexpected places, the term “foreign animal disease” is becoming less relevant, even as the threat of foreign animal disease incursions becomes more relevant. We have utmost respect for and gratitude to the authors of the chapters. Their contributions were timely, articulate, and accurate. This book is rightfully theirs and we are merely organizers and purveyors of their information. We owe special thanks to Visual Information Services at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, whose staff supplied most of the new photographs in Part IV. In addition, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Professional Development Staff (PDS), was very generous in allowing us to borrow Dr. Jason Baldwin, who served as an infallible and incredibly diligent copy and content editor. PDS also supplied the funding for the final formatting of the book, including the new cover design. We also acknowledge our host institutions, the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia and Cornell University, for allowing us the time to devote to the editing and assembling of this book. We were each generously 4 given the opportunities to apply our efforts, without any expectations of compensation. Fortunately, the leaders of our respective institutions understand the importance and impact that this volume has on preparing our animal health professionals. Lastly, we wish to recognize the long-term efforts of Dr. Charles Mebus, in research, diagnosis, and dissemination of information regarding foreign animal diseases. Chuck Mebus has been a mentor to the two of us at various stages in our careers and has always served as a stellar role model, good friend, and a visionary regarding the larger picture of animal health. As it was done for the 6 th edition, we re-dedicate this, the 7 th edition of Foreign Animal Disease, to him. Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, DACVP Chair, Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Committee Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602 Alfonso Torres, DVM, MS, PhD Co-Chair, Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Committee Professor & Associate Dean for Public Policy College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14850 5 FOREWORD For more than a half century the “Gray Book” has been the key resource for veterinarians, from private practitioners to federal, state and corporate practices and students regarding foreign animal diseases. The preparation of this book is a tangible example of the remarkable cooperation between all the sectors of the U.S. Animal Health Association. Professionals from academia, U.S. federal and state agencies, and a number of foreign countries have shared their expertise and their time to create this seventh edition. The Chair and Co-Chair of the USAHA Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases, Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, and Alfonso Torres, DVM, PhD, respectively, have coordinated the compilation of this edition, with USAHA acting as the publishing agency. On behalf of the USDA, I want to express my appreciation to the leadership of USAHA, Drs. Brown and Torres, and all the authors, reviewers and editors for their selfless contributions. There are no monetary remunerations or royalties for writing this book: its creation grew from the collective understanding of the importance of sustaining a successful history of safeguarding all animal health industries from animal diseases. Dr. John R. Clifford Deputy Administrator for Veterinary Services, and U.S. Chief Veterinary Officer Animal Plant & Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington DC 6 T ABLE OF C ONTENTS PREFACE – THE EDITORS……………………… …………. 3 FORWARD – USDA…………………………….…… ………… 5 PART I – CONTRIBUTORS…………………….……………… 8 PART II – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS……….………… 15 1. Protecting the U.S. from Foreign Animal Diseases……………. 17 2. Diagnostic Laboratory Procedures and Interpretation…………. 31 3. Sample Collection: Species-specific list of tissues……………. 45 4. Shipping Diagnostic Specimens…………….….….….……… 49 5. Animal Pathogen Disinfectants………………………………… 61 6. Mass Culling…………………………………………………… 85 7. Carcass Management………………………………………… 93 PART III – DISEASES 1. African horse sickness … ………………………………….…. 103 2. African swine fever…………………………………………… 111 3. Akabane disease……………………………………………… 117 4. Arthropod livestock pests and disease vectors.………………. 125 5. Avian influenza…………………………………………….…. 137 6. Babesiosis…………………………………………….………. 147 7. Bluetongue……………………………………………………. 159 8. Borna disease…………………………………………………. 167 9. Bovine ephemeral fever………………………………………. 175 10. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy…………………………. 185 11. Capripoxvirus………………………………………………… 189 12. Classical swine fever………………………………………… 197 13. Contagious agalactia of sheep and goats……………………… 207 14. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia…………………………. 213 15. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia…………………… … 219 16. Contagious equine metritis……………………………………. 225 17. Dourine…………………………………………………….… 231 18. Duck virus hepatitis……………………………………….… 237 7 19. East Coast fever…………………………………………….… 243 20. Epizootic lymphangitis……………………………………… 251 21. Equine encephalosis……………….…………………………. 257 22. Foot-and-mouth disease………………………………………. 261 23. Getah………………………………………………………… 277 24. Glanders……………………………………………………… 281 25. Heartwater…………………………………………………… 287 26. Hemorrhagic septicemia……………………………….……… 297 27. Hendra………………………………………………………… 301 28. Infectious salmon anemia…………………………………… 305 29. Japanese encephalitis…………………………………………. 311 30. Jembrana……………………………………………… …… 317 31. Louping-ill…………………………………………………… 321 32. Malignant catarrhal fever…………………………………… 325 33. Nairobi sheep disease…………………………………………. 335 34. Newcastle disease…………………………………………… 343 35. Nipah…………………………………………………………. 351 36. Peste des petits ruminants…………………………………… 357 37. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease………………………………… 365 38. Rift Valley fever……………………………………………… 369 39. Rinderpest…………………………………………………… 377 40. Screwworm…………………………………………………… 383 41. Spring viremia of carp………………………………………… 391 42. Swine vesicular disease……………………………………… 397 43. Tropical theileriosis…………………………………… ……. 401 44. Trypanosomiasis……………………………………………… 405 45. Venezuelan equine encephalitis………………………………. 411 46. Vesicular exanthema of swine………………………………… 419 47. Vesicular stomatitis…………………………………………… 423 48 Wesselsbron…………………………………………………… 431 PART IV – PHOTOGRAPHS …………………………………… 435 FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES 8 I C ONTRIBUTORS Corrie Brown College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-7388 corbrown@uga.edu Claudio S.L. Barros Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brazil claudiosbarros@uol.com.br Rafael Fighera Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brazil anemiaveterinaria@yahoo.com.br R.O. Gilbert College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-6401 rog1@cornell.edu Alan J. Guthrie Equine Research Centre Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa alan.guthrie@up.ac.za Christopher Hamblin 94 South Lane, Ash, Near Aldershot Hampshire, GU12 6NJ, England chris.hamblin@ntlworld.com 9 Christiane Herden Institut fur Pathologie Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany christiane.herden@tiho-hannover.de Sharon K. Hietala University of California-Davis Davis, CA 95617 skhietala@ucdavis.edu Daniel J. King Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory USDA-ARS Athens, GA 30605 jack.king@ars.usda.gov Peter Kirkland Head, Virology Laboratory Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Menangle, NSW, Australia peter.kirkland@agric.nsw.gov.au Paul Kitching National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada kitchingp@inspection.qc.ca Steven B. Kleiboeker Director, Molecular Science and Technology ViraCor laboratories 1210 NE Windsor Drive Lee’s Summit, MO 64086 skleiboeker@viracor.com FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES 10 Donald Knowles USDA-ARS Pullman, Washington 9914-6630 dknowles@vetmed.wsu.edu Hong Li USDA-ARS Pullman, WA 99164-6630 hli@vetmed.wsu.edu Susan Little Department of Pathobiology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, 74078-2007 susan.little@okstate.edu N. James MacLachlan School of Veterinary Medicine University of California at Davis Davis, CA, 95616 njmaclachlan@ucdavis.edu Terry McElwain College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman, WA 99165-2037 tfm@vetmed.wsu.edu Suman M. Mahan Pfizer Animal Health Kalamazoo, MI 49001 suman.mahan@pfizer.com Peter Merrill Aquaculture Specialist USDA-APHIS Import Export Riverdale, MD 20737 Peter.Merrill@aphis.usda.gov [...]... by the Department of Transportation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, and the Environmental Protection Agency Ultimately the responsibility for the early detection of possible FAD incursion rests primarily on the animal owners and producers, veterinarians in private clinical practice, the animal health organization of. .. with the support of the elected Commissions These Commissions include the Administrative Commission, four Specialist Technical Commissions (The Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission or "Code Commission”; PROTECTING THE U.S 19 the Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases or "Scientific Commission"; the Biological Standards Commission or "Laboratories Commission"; and the Aquatic Animal Health. .. II GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 16 FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES 17 1 PROTECTING THE UNITED STATES FROM FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES The Threat of Foreign Animal Diseases Decades ago, foreign animal diseases (FADs) were considered in the United States as the purview of the regulatory animal health community only It was thought that adequate border surveillance and good import controls would keep us secure from having... involving animal health The OIE has 169 member countries and territories (as of May 2007) and maintains permanent relations with 35 other international and regional organizations, with regional and sub-regional offices on every continent The OIE members, through their Chief Veterinary Officers as delegates, constitute the International Committee, which meets once a year and approves resolutions that... Services (VS) and International Services (IS) APHIS - VS is responsible for the development and enforcement of regulations dealing with the importation of animal and animal products that could be vectors of FADs, as well as to provide diagnostic, surveillance and emergency response for the early detection, monitoring, and control/eradication of FADs APHIS - IS cooperates with the OIE, the FAO and foreign. .. the lives of rural populations and contributing to the growth of the world economy Regarding animal health, in 1994 FAO created the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) The EMPRES Livestock Program is dedicated to promoting the effective containment and control of the most serious livestock diseases as well as newly emerging diseases by the progressive... branch of the World Health Organization for their efforts on the prevention control PROTECTING THE U.S o o 21 and eradication of FMD in the Americas through their Pan-American Footand-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and their Veterinary Public Health Program The Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), an agency of the Organization for American States. .. responsibility for protecting the U.S animal industries from the effects of FADs falls primarily within the U.S Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) The mission of APHIS is to protect and improve the health, quality, and marketability of our nation's animals, animal products, and veterinary biologics The safeguarding of animal health involves at least two major... territories and post the information on the newly created World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) on their web site (www.oie.int) The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The FAO is an agency of the United Nations headquartered in Rome, Italy, with the mandate of leading international efforts to defeat hunger through raising the levels of nutrition, enhancing agricultural productivity, improving the. .. work together to control spread and prevent their introduction This complex interdependence has spawned the development of many new international organizations and spurred the expansion of those previously existing In the realm of animal health, there are two overarching international organizations working to preserve the collective public good The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) The OIE . FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES REVISED 2008 S EVENTH E DITION Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases of the United States Animal Health. veterinary profession about Foreign Animal Diseases has been a long tradition of the U. S. Animal Health Association. The first “Gray Book” edition was published