... restriction other than the clean-surplus relation, the model holds for all accounting methods. Accordingly, application of the model requires further specification of the accounting, and that accounting ... seen as a matter of accounting for the future. Bringing together the ideas the paper, one appreciates that forecasting is a matter of accounting and that accounting has the potential to be ... Bt), then earnings equal returns, so the accounting beta equals the return beta. The accounting records shocks to value immediately, so is revealing of the risk to value. Second, the same...