... differentgroups:a) ListingListing may seem unimaginative, but in practice, listing tasks tend to generatea lot of talks as learners explain their ideas. The processes involved are: brainstorming, in which ... (1987), language is used actually to do things, to performcertain functions, like inviting, apologizing, introducing and so on. Therefore, instead 12of teaching grammar, teachers should teach functions ... communication in the target language. Nunan (1989) states that the task “is a piece of classroom work which involveslearners in comprehending, manipulating, producing, or interacting in the targetlanguage...