... utterance: initial, medial and final in the MenP. Most MAs in English and Vietnamese can assume the initial position as thematic mood adjuncts expressing probability, certainty and intensity and ... that a wide range of English MAs and Vietnamese MAs can occur at initial position, medial position and final position in the clausal structure of utterance in the MenP. MAs in both languages ... Syntactically, there are far more MAs in the MenP in English than in Vietnamese. In term of the relationship between MAs and modal finites denoting probability, certainty and intensity, MAs are...