formulating a comprehensive treatment plan
ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 1 pptx
... microexplanation Three, not two, explanatory vantages exist: microexplanation (reductionism), holism, and macroexplanation In the modified Janus context, they are equally appropriate vantages of explanation ... behavior of the whole, that is, from aggregate data Macroexplanation is also valuable but has as significant challenges (i.e., the problem of ecological inference) in its application as holism and ... of a consistent association was probably made in what many would describe as a holistic study Some macroexplanation may have been applied based on paradigms from the next highest level Macroexplanation...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 2 pptx
... soma and how it manages to survive For example, a wildlife manager concerned with a specific game bird species might take an autecological vantage to managing that particular species Another example ... in adults in that particular part of the estuary particular habitat can sustain As an example, phosphorus might limit the standing crop of a nuisance blue-green algal species in a freshwater lake ... well-established autecological approach and, in this case, produced a reasonable conclusion They also adopted, with minimal adaptation, a technological paradigm from mammaliam toxicology—the LC50/LD50 Staying...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt
... may be determined by DNA modifications accrued during an individual’s life DNA can be damaged by contaminants or their metabolites that are free radicals or can facilitate free radical2 generation ... reactions (Slater 1984) As a final example, enhanced oxidative damage at high metal concentrations occurs due to hydroxyl radical formation In such a case, more metal ion is available to catalyze the ... that consume oxyradicals or oxyradical-generating chemicals Antioxidants include catecholamines, glutathione, uric acid, and VitaminsA, C, and E Enzymes include superoxide dismutase, catalase,...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 4 pdf
... emerge can be illustrated using oxidative damage of cellular DNA (see Beckman and Ames (1997) for a recent review) The cell has a finite capacity to resist oxidative damage and accrues DNA damage above ... contaminated areas than those from reference sites Shugart (1988) used an alkaline unwinding assay to get a relative measure of DNA strand breakage in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead ... Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment 44 capacity for oxidative phosphorylation (La Via and Hill 1971) Pyknosis, the condensation of the nuclear material into a dark staining mass, is also characteristic...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 5 docx
... cerebellum (Acquaah-Mensah et al 2001) Acrylamide, a chemical contaminant that has been found in some foods, can cause axon damage, producing loss of coordination (ataxia) and skeletal muscle weakness ... or urea Crustaceans excrete primarily ammonia via antennal glands and insects have Malpighian tubules that excrete uric acid Both crustaceans and insects also have nephrocytes in other parts of ... sodium and chloride ion transport across amphibian skin (Cassano et al 2000, 2003) 5.3 ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH GAS EXCHANGE Respiratory organs have intimate contact and exchange with the external...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 7 ppt
... can also be moved across cell membranes via OATs Toxicants present as organic anions are subject to renal elimination via this mechanism, but kidney damage can occur if a toxicant was accumulated ... and Block 1994) Some contaminants such as metals and metalloids are lost via hair (e.g., Akagi et al 1995) or feathers (e.g., Becker et al 1994) Plants can eliminate contaminants by several avenues ... active transport mechanism (Rozman and Klaassen 1996) Abou-Donia et al (2002) also make the generalization that a molecular weight greater than 325 Da, structure containing two or more aromatic rings,...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 8 potx
... formulations: rate-constant-based, clearance-volumebased, and fugacity-based formulations All are equivalent in their basic forms, but each formulation has its own advantages and disadvantages (Newman and ... Cahill et al (2003), Czub and McLachlan (2004), Gobas and Mackay (1987), Hickie et al (1999), Mackay (1979, 2001), Mackay and Wania (1995), and Wania and Mackay (1995) As described above in Mackay’s ... transfer to human milk At a subcontinental scale, Mackay and Wania modeled the movement of organochlorine contaminants in the Arctic General (Wania and Mackay 1995) and chemical-specific (Wania...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 9 docx
... resist changes associated with a stressor by using less energy than changes associated with the alarm phase, and also, to maintain homeostasis Examples of changes are adrenal gland enlargement to ... field (see also Chapter 36) Many changes that appeared during the alarm stage and abated during the resistance phase can reappear during the exhaustion phase (Selye 1950) Death occurs at the end ... method can provide an estimate for such data sets with no partial kills Parametric and nonparametric methods exist for analyzing data from concentration-lethal response tests Many can also be applied...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 10 pdf
... SUMMARY OF FOUNDATION CONCEPTS AND PARADIGMS • Most studies of sublethal effects apply experimental designs appropriate for ANOVA or ANCOVA and not take full advantage of available ecological ... the data set Several alternatives are available if the assumption of monotonic trends is inappropriate According to the EPA flow chart, Dunnett’s test can be used if all treatments have equal numbers ... differences are generally the same for the continuous data but the Tamhane–Dunnette test is recommended if the data are normal yet variances are not equivalent among treatments 10.3.1.1 Basic Concepts and...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 11 docx
... biological ligand model, Hard Soft Acid Base (HSAB) theory, and quantitative ion character–activity relationships for metals The bioaccumulation and bioavailability themes continued into Chapter ... provided a quantitative treatment of related issues Rate constant-, clearance-, and fugacity-based formulations of bioaccumulation models were presented after general discussion of issues such as reaction ... and development, reproduction, physiology, and behavior Although most studies of sublethal effects apply rudimentary conceptual and experimental designs that not take full advantage of available...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 12 pot
... components in adjacent, clean habitats Such keystone habitats are crucial for maintaining the population in adjacent areas and some species are particularly sensitive to keystone habitat loss (O’Connor ... in a metal-contaminated lake (McFarlane and Frazin 1978) Theoretical models for disease in populations (Moolgavkar 1986) and population impact of toxicants (Callow and Sibly 1990, Holloway et al ... Hughes, J.S., and Lewis, M .A (eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1993, pp 136–158 Grant, B.S and Clarke, C .A. , An examination of intrraseasonal variation in the...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 13 pptx
... Rectal cancer in men Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer Mouth cancer Prostate cancer Bladder cancer Colorectal cancer Colon cancer Breast cancer Fatal breast cancer © 2008 by Taylor & Francis ... hazard of a reference group or type is used as a baseline hazard and the hazard of another group is scaled (made proportional) to that baseline hazard For example, the hazard of contracting a ... individual dead or alive) can be used for analyzing epidemiological data associated with contamination It is one of the most common approaches for analyzing epidemiological data of human disease (SAS...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 14 pot
... introduced into a new habitat or a Daphnia magna population maintained in a laboratory culture with frequent media replacement However, most habitats have a finite capacity to sustain the population This ... of a metapopulation by affecting the rate at which vacant habitat is refilled from adjacent areas Box 14.2 Computer Projections of Metapopulation Risk in a Contaminated Habitat Spromberg et al ... population viability Different populations have characteristic ranges of loss that can be accommodated Low losses potentially increase the rate at which new individuals appear in a population and...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 15 pot
... Rays, and Birth Marshall (1962) measured natality in addition to mortality for D pulex exposed to gamma radiation Let us add these natality data (Table 15.2) to that already analyzed for mortality ... Ecotoxicological applications of elasticity and related methods are beginning to be published As one example, elasticity analysis of the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, exposed chronically to cadmium ... S and Akçakaya, H.R., Modeling Fluctuations in Age-structured Populations RAMAS/age User Manual Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, 1990 Forbes, V.E and Calow, P., Contaminant effects on population...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 17 potx
... MUTATION RATES AND ACCUMULATION The natural rate at which mutations appear varies among genes and species Rates for bacteriophage, bacteria, and vertebrate species range from × 10−10 to × 10−4 mutations ... or downward changes in temperature increase mutation rates of Drosophila melanogaster Jablonka and Lamb (1995) suggest that stressinduced increases in mutation rates may be adaptive because more ... 4320 Dose of x-rays (Roentgens, log scale) FIGURE 17.5 Genotoxic action of caffeine and x-ray irradiation on bacterial mutation rate Bacteria maintained in a chemostat displayed an abrupt shift...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 18 pptx
... the advantage of a particular genotype Preadaptation to a toxicant can result in elevated tolerance in a population if adaptation took place in the past for a related toxicant, e.g., a plant ... panel), which allows them to move from one adaptive peak through an adaptive valley to another peak (Phase I) Then, selection within demes maintains each at an adaptive peak (middle panel, Phase ... trait variation, trait-related fitness differences, and trait heritability exist, then the trait frequency will vary in a predictable manner among age/stage classes and generations of a population...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 19 potx
... habitats can contain a number of individuals only if a source habitat is nearby and individuals move among habitats Keystone habitats and corridors for migration among segments of the population ... in enhanced tolerance requires genetic variation in the tolerance trait and populations lacking adequate variability are at higher risk of extinction than those with adequate variability Viability ... potential propagule rain and rescue effects The metapopulation context also provides explanation for toxicant effects to individuals outside of the contaminated area 19.2.4 THE DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 20 ppt
... page 377 — #19 Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment 378 Nakano, S., Miyasaka, H., and Kuhara, N., Terrestrial-aquatic linkages: Riparian arthropod inputs alter trophic cascades in a stream ... regulated actual productivity measured in lakes In a simple three-level food chain, planktivorous fish reduce abundance of algal-grazing zooplankton and allow phytoplankton populations to expand (Figure ... Cabana, G., and Rasmussen, J.B., Using ratios of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes to characterize the biomagnification of DDE, mirex, and PCB in a Lake Ontario pelagic food web, Can J Fish Aquat...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 21 ppt
... Comparative approaches and natural experiments, in which community structure and function are measured in areas with and without a particular species, are practical alternatives to actual manipulation and ... Largemouth bass Smallmouth bass Atlantic salmon Mosquitofish Mosquitofish Fathead minnows Mosquitofish Daphnia Daphnia and tubificids Organophosphate Gamma radiation Mercury Cadmium Ammonia Pentachlorophenol ... COMPOSITION ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS Relative abundance Abrupt transition Relative abundance Abrupt transition for some species; gradual for others Relative abundance Gradual transition Relative abundance...
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ECOTOXICOLOGY: A Comprehensive Treatment - Chapter 22 docx
... qualitative sampling techniques typical of many RBPs may also influence the appropriate level of taxonomic resolution Bowman and Bailey (1997) found that as taxa are aggregated, qualitative data ... based on qualitative (relative abundance) or quantitative (number/m2 ) data Analyses based on qualitative data were generally more variable and often unable to detect differences between metal-polluted ... advantage of the rarefaction estimate is that samples of different sizes can be compared The disadvantage is that information is lost when the actual sample size taken at a site is larger than...
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