... community of England, America, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, are chosen for contrastive analysis. - The data are collected by conducting survey questionnaires to examine the ways VNSs and ENSs ... conceptualizations of hedging and gives hedging strategies, based on speech act and politeness theories Chapter 3 (Data analysis and findings) analyses collected data to find out major cross- cultural ... certain illocutionary acts are liable to damage or threaten another person’s face; such acts are known as “face threatening acts” (FTAs) by, for instance, representing a threat to or damaging...