... Word – for – word Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation TL Emphasis: Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation (2.1) The methods ... Newmark (1988:45) there are eight methods of translation namely word – for – word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, ... Literal translation is considered the basic translation step, both in communication and semantic translation, in that translation stars from there. As pre-translation process, it indicates...