... (see Chapter 8), and the rest of the measurements are obtained with a pulmonary artery catheter (see Chapter 9).P.11Clinical MonitoringThere are no accurate measures of ventricular afterload ... a reflection of ventricular afterload. First, arterial resistance may contribute little to ventricular afterload because it is a force that opposes nonpulsatile flow, while afterload (impedance) ... the mean right atrial pressure, PAP is mean pulmonary artery pressure, LAP is the mean left atrial pressure, and CO is the cardiac output. The SAP is measured with an arterial catheter (see...