... D., (19 83) “An Analysis ofthe Principal-Agent Problem,” Econometrica 51: 7 - 45.Hutt, William H., (19 64) The Economics ofthe Colour Bar: A Study ofthe Economic Origins and Consequences of ... Instability," ]ournal of Political Economy 85: 11 41 -87.Becker, Gary S. and Murphy, Kevin M., (19 88) The Family and the State,” Journal of Law and Economics 3 1: 1 - 18 .Becker, Gary S., Murphy, ... illegally on the street. I calculated the likelihood of getting a ticket, the size ofthe penalty, and the cost of putting the car in alot. I decided it paid to take the risk and park on the street....
... (Fig. 14 .11 ) and the eggs areejected at the base ofthe sting. In all other cases, the eggs pass down a canal in the shaft ofthe ovipositor(section 5.8). The shaft is composed of three pairs of valves ... “lower lip” (Fig. 2 .10 ). The labrum forms the roof ofthe preoral cavity and mouth (Fig. 3 .14 ) and covers the base of the mandibles; it may be formed from fusion of parts of apair of ancestral appendages. ... Curculionidae, the ventral surface of some tarsomeres is clothed withadhesive setae that facilitate climbing. The left side of the vignette for this chapter shows the underside of the tarsus ofthe leaf...
... a vacuum cleaner). The cuticular linings of the tracheae are shed with the rest ofthe exoskeleton when the insect molts. Usually even the linings ofthe finestbranches ofthe tracheal system ... the tracheaeand is always the sole mode of gas exchange at the tissues. The efficiency of diffusion is related to the dis-tance of diffusion and perhaps to the diameter of the tracheae (Box 3.2). ... lift. In turning, the wing on the inside ofthe turn is reduced in power by decrease in the amplitude ofthe beat.Despite the elegance and intricacy of detail of insectflight, the mechanisms responsible...
... together the array of all ommatidia provides the insect with a panoramic image ofthe world. Thus, the actual image formed by the compound eye is of aseries of apposed points of light of different ... (section 3 .1. 1). A group of chordonotal sensilla is present and a smaller tensormuscle controls the shape ofthe tymbal, thereby allow-ing alteration ofthe acoustic property. The noise of one ... the swarm site by species-specific environmental markers rather than audiblecues (section 5 .1) ; they are insensitive to the wing tone of males of their species. Neither can the male detect the wing...
... commodus and some other insects, there are scaleson the outer surface ofthe ovipositor tip, which are orientated in the opposite direction to those on the Fig. 5 .11 A female ofthe parasitic wasp ... small-hornedSexual selection 11 7TIC05 5/20/04 4:46 PM Page 11 7 13 8 Reproduction5 .11 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION The initiation and termination of some reproductiveevents often depend on environmental ... alsocontrol the synthesis of two groups of insect hormones– the ecdysteroids and the juvenile hormones (JH).More detailed discussions ofthe regulation and func-tions of all of these hormones...
... insects is the result ofthe large amount of yolk in the egg. The blastoderm usually gives rise toall the cells ofthe larval body, whereas the central yolkypart ofthe egg provides the nutrition ... according to the nutrition they have obtainedfrom feeding on the phloem from roots of a variety of trees. Whatever their growth condition, after the elapse of 13 or 17 years since the previous ... further discus-sion ofthe actions of eclosion hormone). Apolysis at the end ofthe fifth larval instar marks the beginning of a prepupal period when the developing pupa is pharatewithin the...
... (see also Boxes 10 .6 & 11 .10 )Coleoptera undoubtedly lie amongst early branches of the Endopterygota. The major shared derived feature of Coleoptera is the development ofthe fore wings assclerotized ... aview deserves further study – evidently there remainmany questions in the unraveling ofthe evolution of the Hexapoda and Insecta.Phylogenetics 18 1TIC07 5/20/04 4:45 PM Page 18 1 200 Insect systematicsRonquist, ... origin to the rest ofthe Hexapoda (see Box 7 .1) . IfCollembola do belong to the Hexapoda, then they formeither the sister group to Protura comprising the cladeEllipura or alone form the sister...
... complex circulation of air through the passageways ofthe nest, as illustrated for the above-ground nest ofthe African Macrotermes natalen-sis in Fig. 12 .10 . The origin ofthe mutualistic relationship ... farming by leaf-cutter ants The subterranean ant nests ofthe genus Atta (15 spe-cies) and the rather smaller colonies of Acromyrmex(24 species) are amongst the major earthen construc-tions in ... Calculations suggestthat the largest nests of Atta species involve excavation of some 40 tonnes of soil. Both these genera are mem-bers of a tribe of myrmecine ants, the Attini, in which the larvae have...