gas chromatography applications in petroleum industry
Tài liệu Chromatography in the petroleum industry docx
... development of gas chromatography in the 1950s and 1960s is now a fading memory of a golden era, there are still advances being made in apparatus, technique and applications. The petroleum industry ... and Martin in 1952. Indeed it is no exaggeration to claim that many of the major advances in gas chromatography in that golden era emanated from the laboratories of the petroleum industry. ... Carrier gas: helium at 28 ml/min. Re$rences p. 40 The analysis of hydrocarbon gases 17 0 min i0'min Fig. 1.13. Capillary separation. I 20 rnin tomin I I 0 min 10 min...
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DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY pdf
... hydrocarbons (PAH), including the labeledPAHs used in this method as internal standards, are rapidly oxidizedand/or chlorinated in water containing residual chlorine. Therefore,residual chlorine must ... disk in as little asfive minutes without reducing analyte recoveries. Extract the entiresample, draining as much water from the sample container as possible. Dry the disk by maintaining vacuum ... metribuzin maybreak through the C-18 phase in highly contaminated samples resulting in low recoveries.13.2.8 If cyanazine is to be determined, a separate sample must be collected. Cyanazine degrades...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 1 ppt
... Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 8 temperature of the ZnSe crystals increases. In the case of pulse lasers, an increases in the transient temperature ΔT in materials can ... 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Lasers – Applications in Science ... (Zhao et al., 2007b) have been induced in various materials using single-beam fs laser pulses in air. In addition, fs laser ablation for metals and semiconductors in a vacuum environment (Amoruso...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 2 pot
... shown in Fig. 11(a). Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 284. Depositing high LIDT coatings at Sandia’s large optics coating operation Coating large optics goes hand in hand ... more detail in this chapter. Regarding the polishing and preparing of optics for coating, we have demonstrated in the case of an AR coating that using one combination of polishing compound ... due to the interference induced by the inhomogeneous input energy, the YBCO in melted phase initially forms ripples according to the interference pattern which pushes the YBCO to the line of destructive...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 3 pot
... – Applications in Science and Industry 50Regarding polishing, washing and cleaning of an optic prior to coating it, we point out that residual amounts of the polishing compound embedded in ... Ppol intensities within the coating but peak much higher in the incident medium just in front of the coating. The Spol intensities also reach near zero intensity minima at the coating layer interfaces ... large, meter-class laser optic in type of optical glass, in polishing compound and process, in washing and cleaning prior to coating, and in optical coating, including that both the test optic...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 4 docx
... minutes. Fig. 1. PLD general setup used in the experiments reviewed in this chapter Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 66to the vibration bath, which results in heating ... was inserted into the Fourier plane of a 4f zero-dispersion configuration (Weiner 2000), allowing temporal pulse shaping of the incoming beam to two pulses with the temporal separation determined ... The free-electron gas transfers energy to the lattice by coupling Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 58We observed that only AlN was detected in the films obtained with laser...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 5 pdf
... 2007). In the writing process, a small volume in the thin film is locally and rapidly heated to above the melting point and successively quenched into the amorphous phase. In the erasing process, ... remains in the equilibrium state, and thus inherits the structure and volume at the melting state. Therefore, the volume has an increase V , and Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry ... deformation in other thin layers stacked underneath as in the cases of optical information memory in optical storage and the electrode in electric storage. While slight deformation in the writing process...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 6 pptx
... image quality while introducing a minor increase in the size of the object, all without changing the optical imaging parameters. Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 961.2 Pulsed ... w - grating period λ - desorbing laser wave length Part 2 Laser-Matter Interaction Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 110 Fig. 1. Laser-matter interactions involve numerous ... interaction has been the focus of intense research over the past three decades with diverse applications in the semiconductor industry (photolithography), sensing and analytical chemistry in...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 7 docx
... directly absorb incident laser of low intensity. Photo-ionization consists Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 114 (a) Original SiO2 thin film (b) Damaged SiO2 thin film ... Ionization and gasification Laser-induced gasification can be divided into surface gasification and bulk gasification. As the temperature continues to increase to the vaporization point, part of ... defocusing happens. In light of the difference in pulse duration and nonlinear polarization time, self-focusing can be grouped into steady-state self-focusing (continuous wave of invariable amplitude),...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 8 ppt
... treated in this chapter is the difference in refractive index of a transparent material from that of the adjacent medium. Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 134 In this study, ... series of studies, since it can be a simple and basically reliable measure of the real fluence value in any situation of the experiments, including in air or in water or in any fluid, applicable ... combination of a silica glass plate in contact with distilled water layer. Figure 2.2 shows the typical results. In this case, pulse laser is focused Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 9 docx
... is intentionally shown in (D). Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 168 He, H., Cai, W., Lin, Y. & Chen, B. Surface decoration of ZnO nanorod arrays by electrophoresis in ... solution being determined. Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 164 Fig. 8. Topographic (A, C) and tunnelling current (B, D) images of HOPG substrate serving as cathode (A, ... 4, No. 7, pp. 3591-3605, ISSN 1936-0851 print / ISSN 1936-086X online Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 166 Au nanoparticles can be influenced by the type of an alcoholic ablation...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 10 pptx
... lower with increasing aspect ratio. 4. The repassivation ratio at 0.01 s after activation becomes lower with increasing aspect ratio. Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 184 ... argon gas was bubbled into the solution. The exposed area of the intermetallics in the pit wall may also increase with aspect ratio and cause the increasee in cathodic partial current, ic, in ... Electric Co., DL708E). Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 186 Fig. 18. Changes in rest potential after the re-activation of 2024 aluminum alloy in 0.5 kmol m-3 H3BO3 -...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 11 potx
... application in the Fig. 2. Applications of lasers in IVF Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 194 an efficient system for handling biological materials. Lab procedures used during ... concerns regarding the use of Part 3 Biological Applications Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 198 medical arena. The applications of laser in IVF may be classified into diagnostic ... determined partial hatching or thinning the zona is more effective. Implantation rates were 2.8%, 9.1% and 8.1% in the complete hatching, partial hatching and zona thinning groups. Clinical pregnancy...
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Lasers Applications in Science and Industry Part 12 pptx
... abruptly narrower in the dentine, reflecting the large difference in hardness between enamel and dentine. In addition, in the real-time imaging shown in Fig. 5, a small flying particle (debris), ... Science, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Japan 1. Introduction Laser ablation is widely used in optical material engineering but also in clinical medicine. Actually, it has been ... volume, as shown in Figs. 8 and Fig. 9. Lasers – Applications in Science and Industry 218 irradiation of a certain number of laser pulses. The laser ablation and OCT imaging are repeated...
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