ADVANCED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL, BIOMEDICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Mustafa Ali Mohd Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications Edited by Mustafa Ali Mohd Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Daria Nahtigal Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications, Edited by Mustafa Ali Mohd p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0298-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 New Development in Basic Chromatographic and Extraction Techniques 1 Chapter 1 Hyphenated Techniques in Gas Chromatography 3 Xinghua Guo and Ernst Lankmayr Chapter 2 Stationary Phases 27 Vasile Matei, Iulian Comănescu and Anca-Florentina Borcea Chapter 3 Design, Modeling, Microfabrication and Characterization of the Micro Gas Chromatography Columns 51 J.H. Sun, D.F. Cui, H.Y. Cai, X. Chen, L.L. Zhang and H. Li Chapter 4 Porous Polymer Monolith Microextraction Platform for Online GC-MS Applications 67 Samuel M. Mugo, Lauren Huybregts, Ting Zhou and Karl Ayton Chapter 5 Derivatization Reactions and Reagents for Gas Chromatography Analysis 83 Francis Orata Chapter 6 Parameters Influencing on Sensitivities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Measured by Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra 109 S. Pongpiachan, P. Hirunyatrakul, I. Kittikoon and C. Khumsup Part 2 Selected Biomedical Applications of Gas Chromatography Techniques 131 Chapter 7 Analysis of Toxicants by Gas Chromatography 133 Sukesh Narayan Sinha and V. K. Bhatnagar Chapter 8 Acetone Response with Exercise Intensity 151 Tetsuo Ohkuwa Toshiaki Funada and Takao Tsuda VI Contents Chapter 9 Indoor Air Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds and Evaluation of Their Emission from Various Building Materials and Common Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 161 Hiroyuki Kataoka, Yasuhiro Ohashi, Tomoko Mamiya, Kaori Nami, Keita Saito, Kurie Ohcho and Tomoko Takigawa Chapter 10 Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Compounds Released from Wood into Wine 185 Maria João B. Cabrita, Raquel Garcia, Nuno Martins, Marco D.R. Gomes da Silva and Ana M. Costa Freitas Part 3 Selected Application of Gas Chromatography in Life Sciences 209 Chapter 11 GC Analysis of Volatiles and Other Products from Biomass Torrefaction Process 211 Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, Shahab Sokhansanj, Christopher T. Wright and Timothy Kremer Chapter 12 Application of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry to the Analysis of Lacquer Film 235 Rong Lu, Takayuki Honda and Tetsuo Miyakoshi Chapter 13 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography to Evaluate the Organic Matter Quality of Different Degraded Soil Ecosystems 283 Cristina Macci, Serena Doni, Eleonora Peruzzi, Brunello Ceccanti and Grazia Masciandaro Chapter 14 Application of Gas Chromatography to Exuded Organic Matter Derived from Macroalgae 307 Shigeki Wada and Takeo Hama Part 4 Selected Applications of Gas Chromatography in Industrial Applications 323 Chapter 15 Application of Gas Chromatography in Monitoring of Organic and Decontamination Reactions 325 Pranav Kumar Gutch Chapter 16 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Polymeric Materials 343 Peter Kusch Chapter 17 Gas Chromatograph Applications in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Fluids 363 Huang Zeng, Fenglou Zou, Eric Lehne, Julian Y. Zuo and Dan Zhang Contents VII Chapter 18 Determination of Organometallic Compounds Using Species Specific Isotope Dilution and GC-ICP-MS 389 Solomon Tesfalidet Part 5 New Techniques in Gas Chromatography 405 Chapter 19 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography – Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry of PAH in Smog Chamber Studies and in Smog Samples 407 Douglas Lane and Ji Yi Lee Chapter 20 Inverse Gas Chromatography in Characterization of Composites Interaction 421 Kasylda Milczewska and Adam Voelkel Chapter 21 Recent Applications of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography to Environmental Matrices 437 Cardinaël Pascal, Bruchet Auguste and Peulon-Agasse Valérie Preface Gas chromatography has been and it still is, one of the key tools in analytical techniques in many of the advanced research carried out over the globe. This technique has contributed tremendously and was once the main technique in the analysis of specific compounds like volatile compounds, certain pesticides, pharmaceuticals and petroleum products. The advance of this technique has resulted in several tandem instruments with application of other techniques to enhance the results obtained by gas chromatography. Several good and versatile detectors has been developed and plays a pivotal role in many frontline research and industrial applications. This book is the outcome of contributions by many experts in the field from different disciplines, various backgrounds and expertise. This is a true reflection of the vast area of research that is applicable to this technique and each area has its own strength and focus towards giving highly sensitive and specific identification and quantitation of compounds from different sources and origins. The chapters cover a significant amount of basic concepts and its development till its current status of development. This is followed by chapters on the biomedical applications of this technique which is beneficial as an example of its application in biological and life sciences based research. It also includes some aspects of indoor air assessment, exhaled air analysis and analysis of exudates from natural products. The chapters include some industrial applications in petroleum, organometallic and pyrolysis applications. These chapters provide some useful information on specific analysis and may be applicable to related industries. The last chapter deals with new dimension and the frontline research and development in gas chromatography. This includes multidimensional and time of flight gas chromatography. I hope that this book will contribute significantly to the basic and advanced users of gas chromatography. Professor Dr. Mustafa Ali Mohd Deputy Director of Development University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [...]... commercial instrument introduced in 1971 by Digilab, there has been a rapid development of hyphenated GC-FTIR techniques Commonly for on-line GC- 16 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications FTIR coupling, the effluent from the GC flows through a heated transfer-line into the lightpipe A schematic drawing of a typical GC-FTIR is shown in Figure 2 The interferograms... separations The development and employment of more comprehensive coupling techniques to enable a deeper insight into the composition of natural and synthetic matrices has become a necessity 20 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications The most powerful separation technique in chromatography is still capillary gas- liquid chromatography (one-dimensional... (GC-NMR) for detection of molecular * Corresponding Author 4 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications analytes as well as GC-AAS and GC-AES coupling for elemental analysis Emphasis will be given to cover various GC-MS techniques including ionization methods, MS analysers, tandem MS detection and data interpretation For more comprehensive overview... the carrier gas in GC causes experimental difficulties in handling and results in low signal-to-noise ratio of the NMR signals obtained at atmospheric pressure With the applications of Fourier-transform and averaging techniques, and gases can now be studied at fairly low pressures However, the recording of the NMR spectra of flowing gases, especially those leaving a gas chromatograph containing only trace... neutron), one collision between an electron and a molecule would bring insufficient internal 6 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications energy to the molecule to become ionized The molecule’s internal energy is increased by the interaction of the electron cloud after a collision cascade The energized molecule, wanting to descend to a lower energy state,... a linear one to refocus the ions with the same m/z value to arrive at the detector simultaneously 12 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications In TOF-MS, ions must be sampled in pulses This fits well with a laser ionization source However, when EI or CI are used for GC-MS coupling, a continuous ion beam is produced Therefore, in most GC-TOF-MS instrumentations,... An appropriate combination of direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF, ~ 1 MHz) 10 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications electric field applied to the four rods induces an oscillatory motion of ions guided axially into the assembly by means of a low accelerating potential The oscillating trajectories are mass dependent and ions with one particular... Extraction and Derivatization, In: Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis, Ph Quevauviller, E.A Maier and B Griepink, (Ed.), 357409, Elsevier, ISSN 0-444-89955-3, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 22 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications Friedrich, J & Acree, T (1998) Gas Chromatography Olfactometry (GC/O) of Dairy Products International Dairy Journal,... ions produced with EI 8 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications (Harrison, 1992) Unlike EI, both positive chemical ionization (PCI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) are equally used according to their specific features The positive mode is best suitable for hydroxyl group-containing alcohols and sugars as well as basic amino compounds The sensitivity... 1044-0305 26 Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications Seelemann, R (1982) GC/FTIR Coupling - a modern tool in analytical chemistry Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol 1, No 14 (October 1982), pp 333-339, ISSN 0003-2700 Sharma, K; Sharmab, S & Lahiri, S (2009) Characterization and Identification of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Biomarkers by GC-FTIR and GC-MS . ADVANCED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL, BIOMEDICAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Edited by Mustafa Ali Mohd Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in. one collision between an electron and a molecule would bring insufficient internal Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications 6 energy. * Corresponding Author Advanced Gas Chromatography – Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications 4 analytes as well as GC-AAS and GC-AES coupling for elemental