... NL Engine Natural language processing in the Unisys natural language understanding (NLU) system (Dahl, Norton and Scholz (1998), Dahl (1992)) is done by a naturallanguage (NL) engine with ... (WordNet-based KB concept names from ISI see text) 984 Integration of Large-Scale Linguistic Resources inaNatural Language Understanding System Lewis M. Norton, Deborah A. Dahl, Li Li, and Katharine ... architecture shown in Figure 1. Processing stages include lexicai lookup, syntactic parsing, semantic analysis, and pragmatic analysis. Each stage has been designed to use linguistic data...
... to a lan- guage or domain. Although this paper describes the lexicon, grammar, and semantics of English, Gemini has also been used ina Japanese spo- ken language understanding system (Kameyama, ... dowding@ai.sri.com 1. INTRODUCTION Gemini is anaturallanguage (NL) under- standing system developed for spoken language applications. This paper describes the details of the system, and includes ... Spoken Language Corpus", in Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and NaturalLanguage Workshop, February 23-26, 1992. Marcus, M. (1980). A Theory of Syntactic Recog- nition for Natural Language, ...
... eliminate arbitrariness. Rather, a definition of representative corpus must take into account tile research goals pursued. For anaturallanguagesystem which is sup- posed to analyze and ... formulate all of these typcs of rules in naturallanguage for B3 trying to stay within at least tile vocabulary of B, , to add lhe words used in the fommlations to the original set, and continue ... long-range research prt~gram rather than as a short-term goal. Motiva!ion Rcasearch on naturallanguage processing sys- tems today strives for the construction of robust and portable systems)...
... the findings in each language. The number of overlaps by both native speakers and non native speakers was codified, counted and compared. The data was also analyzed according to the pragmatic ... has come to ask Baptista for his daughter s hand in marriage:Pet: And you, good Sir! Pray, have you got a daughter Calld Katherina, fair and virtuous?Bap: I have a daughter, sir, calls Katherina. ... Australian Vietnamese Language English as native language English as a foreign language Number of participants14 (50%) (7 males and 7 females) 14 (50%) (7 males and 7 females)OccupationTeachers:...
... nóng ẩm quanh năm. Độ ẩm trung bình hằng năm từ 80 – 90 %. Thời tiết hai m a m a, nắng. M a m a kéo dài từ tháng tư đến tháng mười. Lượng m a dồi dào, 90% lượng m a tập trung vào m a m a. ĐBSCL ... thông qua các tài liệu có được c a các tác giả đi trước, qua thực tiễn lời ăn tiếng nói hằng ngày c a người dân đ a phương, luận văn nhằm tìm hiểu về định danh từ vựng c a PNNB, đ a ra những ... niệm “sự cố định (hay gắn) cho một kí hiệu ngôn ngữ một khái niệm – biểu niệm (signifikat) phản -47-đ a lí tự nhiên Nam Bộ mà chúng ta đang quan niệm hiện nay. Đây cũng là quan điểm trong việc...
... (Kowal and Swain, 1994); and students act as resources for each other to achieve a common goal (McGroarty, 1989) which results in meaningful, useful, and practical language applications that increases ... Toronto, and would finally end with the complete details of humidity readings. Although writing ina foreign language can be a daunting experience for second language students, learner collaboration, ... examined for its potential to aid in the development of second language learner’s skills. Results of a number of studies indicate that the Internet is found to contain real languageina meaningful...
... First, what are the similarities and differences of language teaching and learning between a traditional classroom and a multimedia language lab under the communicative framework? Second, are there ... functional as well as structural aspects of language. In reaction to the grammar-translation and audio-lingual methods, the CLT approach emphasizes the communicative activities that involve the real ... briefed about the nature of the interview. 4.0. DiscussionWhat are the similarities and differences of language teaching and learning between a traditional classroom and a multimedia language lab...
... and S. Naka-mura. 200 9a. Recent advances in wfst-based dialog system. In Proc. INTERSPEECH, pages 268–271.C. Hori, K. Ohtake, T. Misu, H. Kashioka, and S. Naka-mura. 2009b. Statistical dialog ... H. Kashioka, and S. Naka-mura. 2009c. Weighted finite state transducer basedstatistical dialog management. In Proc. ASRU.D. Jurafsky and J. H. Martin. 2009. Speech and Lan-guage Processing, ... an example of dialogue controlling model ofan SDS. In this example, each state represents a DA. A dialogue begins with the greeting state and endswith the ending state. During a session, a user...
... used by the paraphraser to generate questions. I • INTRO~ION In anaturallanguage interface to a database query system, a paraphraser can be used to ensure that the system has correctly understood ... and new information in formulating a paraphrase that differs ina meaningful way from the user's question. A description is also given of the transformational grammar used by the paraphraser ... Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104 ABSTRACT: The design and implementation of a paraphrase component for anaturallanguage questlon-answer system (CO-OP) is presented. A major point made is the...
... papers are based on data for a typical Scandinavian kraft pulp mill of today.The papers are based on data from existing European pulp and paper mills as well as models depicting Scandinavian ... steam demand, and investing ina condensing turbine, as discussed by e.g. Vakkilainen (2008), Kankkonen v Analysing different technology pathways for the pulp and paper industry ina European ... characteristics and external, geographical and infrastructural, factors influence the potential for large-scale implementation of the pathways? In what way do these characteristics and factors influence...
... and appear to be a useful choice for modular units in a naturallanguage system. Applying this idea to the compositional grammars of Rosetta implies that basic expressions have a ma- jor category ... target language, although, of course, the individual grammars may be com- plicated because of the attuning. • Principle of Interllnguality: There is an intermediate language into which analysis ... unnatural categories. It is hard to find an elegant and transparent way of specifying rule order ina compositional gram- mar; the situation is more complicated than in transformational systems...
... only project in the world that applies (iii) not only as a matter of principle but as actual practice. We will regard anaturallanguage as a set of texts. A translation pair is a pair of texts ... elements in translates- as must be maximal. The generalised relation translates-as makes it possible to put some order into complex transfer. It localises it inanatural way, based on a tree ... 'graag-like' and 'kenner-knower', where some language happens to lack lexical elements that others happen to have. In such cases, the language lacking the element usually circumscribes...
... weeks’ salary• Russian outdoor markets:– MS Operating Systema few dollars• Hacking: more social approval?– Communal sharing cultureHacker SitesSite MapMaiṅ TrainingNewṡ ArchiveResourceṡ ... the playing fieldCriminal Communication• Public Web forums– Many no registration for read access– Meeting place for beginners, fearless criminals– Information sharing and “career building”– ... www.google.com /language_ tools– non-Euro: Japanese, Korean, Chinese•www.babelfish.altavista.com– up to 150 words or a webpage•www.translate.ru (Russian site)•www.freetranslation.com• www.translation2.paralink.com•...