... attributed to the NK cells promoting the production of IFNγ by CD8 < /b> + cells (Vankayalapati et al., 2004) Production of IFNγ is believed to be an important host event in defense against MTB (Stenger ... significantly lower in patients with PTB in the present study It is possible that the depletion of CD4 < /b> + cells may have mostly contributed to the decreased of CD3 + cell percentage and < /b> counts in patients ... patients with PTB The lymphocyte cytotoxic effect of CD8 < /b> + cells is strongly related to the host capacity to block the development of disease due to MTB (Flynn et al., 1992) The normal CD8 < /b> +...
... deficient in B and/< /b> or T < /b> cells WT To understand the role of Band < /b> T < /b> cells in antibody-mediated inflammation, mice deficient in either Bcells or T < /b> cells or both were injected with a combination of two ... CAIA because mice deficient in both T < /b> cellsand < /b> Bcells are more susceptible to arthritis than their control littermates There are several possible explanations for this observation Clearly, Bcells ... (B KO), T < /b> cells (T < /b> KO), in both Band < /b> T < /b> cells (B KO +T < /b> KO) and < /b> wild-type littermate controls (WT) Mice were injected intravenously with mg of monoclonal antibody cocktail on day Another set of animals...
... Etanercept, the receptor fusion protein, can bind not only TNF but also LTα Nevertheless, both treatment with infliximab and < /b> adalimumab and < /b> treatment with etanercept have been associated with ... agents In patients with RA, anti-TNF agents sometimes can induce a sustained response that persists after the drug is stopped It will be interesting to investigate whether any effects that anti-TNF ... or function is not known The main clinical differences between these agents are usually attributed to the fact that the monoclonal antibodies may be able to lyse cells that express TNF on their...
... Sanctis et al reported that T < /b> lymphocytes mediate intrinsic AHR [38] However, Hadeiba et al later reported that transfer of CD4+< /b> T < /b> cells that are not stimulated with antigen does not alter the ... Santa Cruz, CA) was applied to the tissue and < /b> incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes After washing with PBS, biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG Ab was applied and < /b> incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes After ... response, but not Th1 type Antigens that elicit Th2 type response, but not Th1 type response, induce transfer-mediated AHR (A) Antigens that elicit Th2 type response induce transfer-mediated AHR...
... on CD4+< /b> CD45RO+ and < /b> CD8 < /b> +CD45< /b> RO+ and < /b> also on CD4+< /b> CD45RA+ and < /b> CD8 < /b> +CD45< /b> RA+ T < /b> cells indicates activation and < /b> the potential to respond to chemotactic gradients in inflammatory areas, which is consistent ... chemokine-receptor-bearing CD45< /b> RO+ T < /b> cells, but also CD45< /b> RA+ ‘revertants’ within the CD4+< /b> and < /b> CD8+< /b> T < /b> cell populations, contribute to the phenotypic heterogeneity of memory T < /b> cells in WG CD62L ... been reported to distinguish effector cells from naive T < /b> cells within the CD8 < /b> +CD45< /b> RA+ T < /b> cell population [21] However, Wills et al [22] demonstrated that cytomegalovirus-specific T < /b> cells, that...
... We are reporting the isolation and < /b> replication of HCV from patients infected by type strains of HCV These new isolates can be cultured in both Band < /b> T < /b> cells By contrast to type strains of HCV, ... 314 T1< /b> and < /b> 314 T2< /b> were the same, showing that consecutive transfers of HCV into the same cell type not affect the sequence The 314 T1< /b> and < /b> T2< /b> sequences were almost identical to genotype H77, therefore ... Results presented here show that we were able to isolate and < /b> culture HCV from patients infected with HCV-3 to a limited extent However, the HCV-3 produced by macrophages, B- cells, and < /b> T-< /b> cells were...
... CAGCTTCCTCGTATCTACATTCAAGAGATG TAGATACGAGGAAGCTGTTTTT; 1179 CCATTCTGCCGTATATTGATTCAAGAGA TCAATATACGGCAGAATGGTTTTT; 1624 CTCAGAGATTGCCCTTTCTTTCAAGAGA AGAAAGGGCAATCTCTGAGTTTTT The cells were then ... PHB to the mitochondria (Fig 4B, C) A western blot of total cellular protein extracts using anti-PHB serum showed two bands in cells incubated with recombinant PHB, the top band corresponding to ... possibly to protect b- cells against oxidative and < /b> proapoptotic effects of this drug If PHB protects against oxidative stress induced by other b- cell toxins, it could be a target for diabetes prevention...
... in Table 1, thus we conclude that dual incubation does not yield more-than-additive effects These results suggest that both memory and < /b> naïve Bcells can be activated by the drug CP-870,893, and < /b> ... effects of co-stimulating Bcells with the TLR9 agonist CpG ODN 2006 Materials and < /b> methods In mice, agonist CD40< /b> antibodies have been shown to mimic the signal of CD40< /b> L and < /b> substitute for the ... plasmablast differentiation and < /b> is an important plasma cell survival signal [31,32] Activated Bcells secrete IL-6 and < /b> IL-10, but there may be subsets of Bcells with differential abilities to secrete...
... supported by the observation that the anti-DNA response is clonally restricted in both mouse models and < /b> SLE patients [5,6] This hypothesis suggests that selfreactive Bcells may arise from Bcells ... spleen, and < /b> to determine whether there are abnormalities in the pattern of somatic hypermutation and < /b> antigen selection To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the repertoire of the ... mutations The distribution of mutations between VH gene sequences in germinal centre and < /b> B- cell clusters Somatic mutations in germinal centre VH genes The distribution of the frequency of mutations...
... activity [17,20,21] Together these data suggest that RA patients may benefit from therapies aimed at the regulation of the Th cell balance towards Th2 cell activity It also implies that intrinsic ... TCR(CD3)/CD28 costimulation, IL-7 and < /b> IL-4, and < /b> by that to become Th2 cells Recent studies have shown that IL-7 is produced by activated synovial fibroblasts from RA patients [29], and < /b> that circulating levels ... healthy controls The reduced capacity of Th2 cells to migrate to the arthritic sites could subsequently facilitate the presence of these cells in the peripheral blood and < /b> their absence in the...
... receptor expression between Bcells from patients with RA and < /b> patients with SLE might influence the migrational pattern of Bcells needs to be delineated by continuing studies, potentially permitting ... untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis and < /b> expression patients treated with corticoid and/< /b> or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy The ... manuscript R1012 Acknowledgements The work was supported by the SFB 421 and < /b> by the Network of Competence, Rheumatology (BMBF grant C2.2 to CB) The DRFZ is supported by the Berlin Senate of Research and...
... Another distinctive feature of this subfamily of TLRs is that, in humans, TLR7/8 and < /b> TLR9 exhibit a very limited cellular distribution and < /b> are detectable only in Bcellsand < /b> plasmacytoid dendritic ... attempts to block CD40< /b> L /CD40< /b> or CD28 /B7 interactions, or type I IFNs may be promising therapeutic options for lupus Targeting Toll-like receptor activation of autoreactive Bcellsand < /b> plasmacytoid ... receptors and < /b> interferons in lupus Although at this time we cannot confirm or rule out any of the above possibilities, we know that some of the downstream events that follow TLR activation (e.g type...
... Arthritis Research & Therapy Vol No Hansen et al that interactions of activated SGECs and < /b> endothelial cells with the infiltrating lymphoid and < /b> dendritic cells contribute to the perpetuation and < /b> ... It is of potential interest that the status of the peripheral B- cell subset distribution seems similar between pSS and < /b> HIVinfected patients with predominantly CD27– naive Bcells [41,68] In this ... processes within the ectopic ‘tertiary’ and/< /b> or secondary lymphoid tissues It is noteworthy that the combined results of recent studies indicate that detectable GC-like structures within these ectopic...
... to rituximab Taken together, these results suggest that the BM Bcells are more resistant than PB Bcells to antiCD20 mAb depleting therapy in patients with RA Rituximab preferentially depletes ... memory Bcells both in the PB and < /b> in the BM of RA patients Depletion of total and < /b> activated Bcells is a specific effect of rituximab therapy To test whether B- cell depletion is specific to rituximab, ... arthritis (RA) patients (n = 7) B- cell depletion is specific to rituximab therapy (b) Treatment with rituximab does not affect the proportion of total CD4+< /b> T < /b> cells, activated CD4+< /b> HLA-DR+ T < /b> cells and...
... interests 17 The authors declare that they have no competing interests Authors' contributions TN designed the study, and < /b> carried out data analysis, interpretation, and < /b> manuscript preparation KT ... stained with monoclonal antibody (mAbs) to CD19 and < /b> inducible costimulator-ligand (ICOSL), B cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R) or transmembrane activator and < /b> CAML-interactor (TACI), and < /b> ... these results suggest that synovial Bcells might be antigenically stimulated at the inflammatory site Based on such B cell stimulation in the synovium, the interaction between chemokines and < /b> chemokine...
... indicates that the same treatment may be efficacious in JIA patients [12] Materials and < /b> methods Patients This investigation was approved by the Ethical Committee of the G Gaslini Institute, Genoa, ... example, to compare the number of naïve Bcells in SF with respect to PB and < /b> to controls' PB); the Dunn test was used as an a posteriori test The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare quantitative ... obtained may be translationally relevant because RA patients can benefit from treatment with rituxan (Rituximab), a monoclonal antibody directed to the B cell-specific antigen CD20 [10,11], and...