... with laser and barcode technology to scan the price of each item and present total at a supermarket 4) Banks use computers to look after their customers’ money They also control the automatic cash ... PC to relax with computer games IV A Other application In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can in this area Formula cars Entertainment Factories ... Vietnamese environment Nevertheless, the lecture cannot escape from shortcomings that the authors would like to insist the tolerance from the users of the lecture and to thank them for their...
... the NR and they remain on it In fact, the position on the surface of the resonator where the binding takes place is one factor that strongly affects the resonance frequency shift The maximization ... simplicity that the mass adds uniformly tothe mass of the overall NR and changes the resonance frequency of the NR by an amount given by Equation 19 Figure 2c demonstrates the signal absorption as a function ... polarization charge (in units of Cooper pairs), where Cb and Vb are, respectively, the capacitance and voltage between the NR and the CPB island, Cg and Vg are, respectively, the gate capacitance...
... at the top, followed by multipliers, conventional herds, and at the bottom of the pyramid; the slaughter pig herds The strategy of the eradication program is to try to eradicate one level at a ... photo of the area GIS displays the geo-referenced data as theme layers which can be displayed one at a time or on top of each other, like overheads on a projector These are stored in a geo-relational ... older cattle, cattle in goat herds and finally a random sample dairy and beef cattle The GIS has been used to identify the location of all goat herds, goat herds positive for PTB goat herds with cattle...
... holds the address location to or from which data is to be transferred MDR: contains the data to be written to or read out of the addressed location SR: keeps track of the status of the accumalator ... & variables The verbs are similar to those in COBOL but there is a large to them that in effect become the addresses of their locations in the main store - A variable name must be unique and ... such that the examination of any key leads to one of two other keys - The binary tree is actually in the form of an index containing all the keys together with a directory showing the braches stemming...
... storage capacity and a higher rate of data transger - It has the lubricated surfaces allowing the heads “land” when the platters cease to rotate, so eliminating head crashes - Winchester platters ... by means of a read - There are usually one head for each surface, all the heads are moved - Sunchronously across the tracks - Once in position all the data on the equiradial tracks can be read ... with the paper, burning the image of the character onto it - The more advanced thermal printers are using thermal transfer printing - They have a special heat sensitive ribbon and a print head with...
... external tothe TCB that may be created to act on behalf of the individual user are dominated by the clearance and authorization of that user The TCB shall protect authentication data so that it cannot ... Identification and authentication data shall be used by the TCB to authenticate the user's identity and to ensure that the security level and authorization of subjects external tothe TCB that may be created ... non-hierarchical categories in the object's security level Identification and authentication data shall be used by the TCB to authenticate the user's identity and to ensure that the security level and authorization...
... represent too rich a channel to be able to guarantee that the EMS can read them safely One alternative is simply to abandon the vote tallying aspect of the EMS entirely and manually add the vote totals ... setups, there are no such electronic records; the paper ballots must all be scanned to determine the results of the election Before the scan, no total is available; once the scan has completed the available ... generated on the main EMS is replicated onto the sacrificial EMS before any memory card is inserted into the sacrificial EMS A write-once medium, such as CD-R, is used to transfer the database, rather...
... board (the motherboard) Looking Inside the Machine - Memory • Memory also consists of chips attached tothe motherboard • Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them ... processor is also called the central processing unit (CPU) It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data The CPU consists of one or more chips attached tothe computer's main circuit ... programs exist for the user, and enable the computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating documents The Parts of a Computer System - Data • Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can...
... variables in a function increases A graphical means of translating a truth table into a logic equation was invented by Maurice Karnaugh in the early 1950s and today is called the Karnaugh map, ... share a common relationship with the input variables: their product term is B The other variables, A and C, can be ruled out, because the boxes are regardless of the state of A and C Only variable ... stage A logical OR is sufficient for COUT , because there can never be a case in which both half-adders generate a carry at the same time If theA + B half-adder generates a carry, the partial...
... handler, and returning tothe user program Cache bus Level cache Memory bus Local bus PCI bridge CPU Main memory PCI bus SCSI USB ISA bridge IDE disk Graphics adaptor Available PCI slot Monitor ... Input/output management Operator-process communication Memory and drum management Processor allocation and multiprogramming Fig 1-25 Structure of theTHE operating system Virtual 370s System calls here ... 1-7 A typical memory hierarchy The numbers are very rough approximations Read/write head (1 per surface) Surface Surface Surface Surface Surface Direction of arm motion Surface Surface Surface...
... rather, to be dedicated here tothe unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced It is rather for us to be here dedicated tothe great task remaining before us, that ... liberty, and dedicated tothe proposition that all men are created equal Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long ... from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that...
... (e) Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max AAAA B B B 4 B — — C C C C Free: (a) Free: (b) Free: (c) Fig 3-10 Demonstration that the state in (b) is not safe Free: (d) Has Max Has Max Has Max AAA B ... resource trajectories Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max Has Max AAAAA B B 4 B – B – B – C C C C 7 C – Free: (a) Free: (b) Free: (c) Free: (d) Fig 3-9 Demonstration that the state in (a) is safe Free: ... R A B C S D F U W G (a) T E D V U R E V G (b) Fig 3-5 (a) A resource graph (b) A cycle extracted from (a) Resources in existence (E1, E2, E3, …, Em) Resources available (A1 , A2 , A3 , …, Am)...
... above the pages are their loading times A B L K C J D I E H When a page fault occurs, the page the hand is pointing to is inspected The action taken depends on the R bit: R = 0: Evict the page ... Disk Main memory Pages Disk Pages Swap area Swap area Page table Page table 6 4 0 (a) Disk map (b) Fig 4-33 (a) Paging toa static swap area (b) Backing up pages dynamically 3 Request page Main ... growth A- Data A Actually in use A- Program Operating system Operating system (a) (b) Fig 4-6 (a) Allocating space for a growing data segment (b) Allocating space for a growing stack and a growing data...
... 5-29 (a) A disk track with a bad sector (b) Substituting a spare for the bad sector (c) Shifting all the sectors to bypass the bad one ECC error Disk Old Disk Old Crash (a) Disk Disk Old Crash ... backward if the cursor is on the top line Fig 5-37 The ANSI escape sequences accepted by the terminal driver on output ESC denotes the ASCII escape character (0x1B), and n, m, and s are optional ... of a CD-R disk and laser (not to scale) A silver CD-ROM has a similar structure, except without the dye layer and with a pitted aluminum layer instead of a gold layer Polycarbonate substrate...
... in the key field Date and time the file was created Date and time the file was last accessed Date and time the file has last changed Number of bytes in the file Number of bytes the file may grow ... Creation time Time of last access Time of last change Current size Maximum size Meaning Who can access the file and in what way Password needed to access the file ID of the person who created the ... block (c) Duplicate block in free list (d) Duplicate data block Hash table Front (LRU) Fig 6-27 The buffer cache data structures Rear (MRU) I-nodes are located near the start of the disk Disk...
... After waiting (d) After starting to refill the buffer (e) Buffer full 120 Frame Video AA Frame A Audio track T T Video AA Frame A T T Video AAA T T Text track Fig 7-17 Interleaving video, audio, ... processes, each displaying a movie The frame rates and processing requirements per frame are different for each movie A A2 A1 B A3 B1 A4 B2 B3 C3 RMS A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 EDF A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B4 ... –0.50 –0.75 –1.00 (a) (b) (c) Fig 7-4 (a) A sine wave (b) Sampling the sine wave (c) Quantizing the samples to bits Scan line The next field starts here Scan line painted on the screen Time 11...
... Steps in making a remote procedure call The stubs are shaded gray Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine Machine Application Application Application Application Application Application Run-time ... (c) Situation if page 10 is read only and replication is used CPU Shared page CPU A B A B Code using variable AA and B are unrelated shared variables that just happen to be on the same page Code ... memory address into fields (c) The directory at node 36 CPU Has private OS CPU Has private OS CPU Has private OS CPU Memory Has private OS Data Data Data Data OS code I/O Bus Fig 8-7 Partitioning...
... Main’s Stack pointer Virtual address space Virtual address space Stack Main’s local variables Main’s local variables Return addr local variables Return addr A s local variables SP B A s local ... Virus Header Header Header Header (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig 9-14 (a) An executable program (b) With a virus at the front (c) With a virus at the end (d) With a virus spread over free space within the ... Collaborator Encapsulated server Kernel Kernel (a) (b) Covert channel Fig 9-33 (a) The client, server, and collaborator processes (b) The encapsulated server can still leak tothe collaborator via...
... signals Replace the signal mask and suspend the process Send a signal toa process Set the alarm clock Suspend the caller until the next signal Fig 10-6 Some system calls relating to processes The ... no readers The process has referenced an invalid memory address Used to request that a process terminate gracefully Available for application-defined purposes Available for application-defined ... mode Check access using the real UID and GID Get the real UID Get the effective UID Get the real GID Get the effective GID Change owner and group Set the UID Set the GID Fig 10-39 Some system calls...