... automobilesand it is important to consider the effects of biofuels andother non-conventional energy inputs on life-cycle results.LCAs of biofuels are starting to be developed and willprovide ... effectsnot quantified herein, such as the use of water [30], generation of waste water, and toxic emissions [31]. Detailed assessments of the end -of- life fate of vehicles [32], motor oil [33]andinfrastructure ... portion of modal life-cycle energy consumption, auto and bus non-operational components have non-negligible results. Activeoperation accounts for 65–74% of onroad, 24–39% of rail,and 69–79% of...