... high compared to those without cancer. ose are the unadorned facts – andthey are wrong. Why? Because coee drinkers also smoke cigarettes more than non-coeedrinkers. Cigarettes are a confounding ... sometimes imagine that allstudies that are not level I, double-blind RCTs, are equivalent in terms of rigor, accuracy,reliability, and information. In reality, there are many intermediate levels of ... observe, is just along for the ride. e example of caeine, cigarettes, andcancer was given in Chapter 1. Another key example is the case of hormone replacementtherapy (HRT). For decades, with much...