... are listed below:• As-soon-as-possible (ASAP),• As-late-as-possible (ALAP),• List scheduling,• Force-directed scheduling, and • Control step splitting/merging.ASAP and ALAP scheduling algorithms ... “stuck-at-0,” or a logic 1, “stuck-at-1.” Building on the single stuck line fault model, the multiple stuckline (MSL) fault model supports faults where multiple wires are stuck-at-0/stuck-at-1. ... 1980.Physical Design E. Hollis, Design of VLSI Gate Array Integrated Circuits, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1987.B. Preas, B., Lorenzetti, M., and Ackland, B., Eds., Physical Design Automation...