... isoflurane in animals4,5, and later confirmed by several studies in the brain6, kidney7 and liver8. Inhaled isoflurane preconditioning was also shown to reduce acute lung injury and inflammation ... pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β in rats32. In this study animals were pretreated with 1.4% isoflurane for 30 min before LPS injection. Notably, isoflurane inhalation was ... manufac-tured by Huarui Pharmacy, Ltd (Wuxi, China) ac-cording to the procedures described previously16,17, was kindly bestowed by Prof. Jin Liu from the Labor-atory of Anesthesiology and...