... air-breathing PEM fuel cell Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi Fuel Cell Research Center, International Energy & Environment Foundation, Al-Najaf, P.O.Box 39, Iraq. Abstract The need ... cell stack and the operating environment make thermal management a challenging problem in PEM fuel cells. As the ambient temperature increases, the air-breathing fuel cell rejects less heat and ... transfer of heat and water to the ambient. Optimal performance of air-breathing cells is therefore a complex function of ambient and load conditions as well as the cell design. International...