Material that forms the earth’s crust
Material that forms the earth’s crust
... shells These fall to the bottom of the sea when the animals die They pile up over millions of years and the weight compresses the particles into layers of solid rock Chemicals in the sea water ... sand is worn away from the earth’s crust This sand is carried by the wind and rivers They are deposited in the sea or in a desert where the layers build up over time The layers become compressed ... magma cools very slowly, deep in the earth’s crust Over millions of years the layers of rock above the granite are worn away, leaving the granite exposed at the surface Igneous Rocks Basalt...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
... Field in the Atmosphere 1. 2 Interaction of the Radiation and the Atmosphere 1. 3 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere 1. 4 Reflection of the Radiation from the Underlying Surface 1. 5 Cloud ... “integral scattering cross-section” The sense of these names is evident from (1. 12)– (1. 15) 12 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere The substitution of the value Cd (γ , ϕ) from (1. 15) to (1. 16) gives ... specifying the short-wave spectral range Solar radiation integrated with respect to the wavelength over the considered Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere Fig 1. 1 To the definition of the intensity...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
... the global cloud field (Bilingual) Izv RAS Atmosphere and Ocean Physics 20 : 120 5– 121 8 Minin IN (1988) The theory of radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Mazin ... provided 2 ≤ τ(z) ≤ τ1 (2. 12) Equation (2. 12) is also used in the case of the photon going out of the atmosphere ( 2 < 0) or reaching the surface ( 2 ≥ τ0 ) After the simulation of a certain number ... surface without the atmosphere In transfer theory, they are often called “true” Taking 34 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere The albedo of the surface characterizes the reflection process of radiation...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
... called an initial processing and obtained the radiance and irradiance spectra on the basis of the output signal of the instrument During the initial processing, the beginning point of the spectrum ... derived in the book by Minin (1988) after integrating (2.41): i↓↑ = ± 2s + 3s2 1.5 − g 0.8 ± 3s3 − 3g + + O(s4 ) 1+g 1+g (2. 43) It is also convenient to describe the internal radiation field with the ... results too Certainly, the accuracy of the instrument on board was increasingly worse than the accuracy of the same instrument in the laboratory The deviation of the receiving surface of the opal glasses...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
... of Solar Irradiance and Radiance in Clear and Cloudy Atmospheres Fig 3.3a,b.Scheme of the airborne sounding: a in the coordinates “time-altitude”, b in the coordinates “cosine of the solar incident ... radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere For the upwelling irradiance this effect points to the predominance of scattering processes over absorption processes in ... obtained using restraints (3.8), the part of the irradiances is linearly dependent and hence non-informative The indicator of the linear dependence has also been written to the output file of the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
... for investigation of short-wave radiation field in the atmosphere In: Problems of Atmospheric Physics 6:Leningrad University Press, Leningrad, pp 1 75 181 (in Russian) Minin IN (1988) The theory ... for intermediate angles, the surface radiation budget is insensitive to the presence of or changes in, cloud cover.” The linear dependence of the cloud radiative forcing upon the cosine of the solar ... region The main result of the study by Minnet (1999) is the following: solar zenith angle is critical in determining whether clouds heat or cool the surface For large zenith angles (µ0 > 0. 15) the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
... the atmospheric gases Gas Wavelength interval (nm) H2 O O3 O2 NO2 NO3 444–4 46, 468 –470, 502–510, 538–552, 566 60 2, 62 6 66 6, 68 4–7 46, 784–978 330–3 56, 4 26 848 62 6 63 2, 68 6 69 4, 758–774 330 61 6, ... of the uncertainties of the obtained results As per Sect 4.4 the etalon algorithm for modeling the observational values while taking into account the processes of the radiation interaction in the ... matrix of the irradiance uncertainties obtained at the second stage of the processing of the sounding results in Sect 3.3 The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters, while solving the inverse...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
... to the revealing of the methodological algorithm shortcomings Therefore, we are presenting the analysis of all retrieved parameters of the atmosphere including even the parameters whose obtaining ... method in the atmosphere optics Springer-Verlag, New York Minin IN (1988) The theory of radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Otnes RK, Enochson L (1 978 ) Applied ... al (1 974 ) took the first step by using the observation of the reflected solar radiation from satellites for obtaining the small parameter connected with the single scattering albedo ω0 of the cloud...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 8 pps
... transmitted solar radiation J Atmos Sci 57:623–630 Minin IN (1 988 ) The theory of the radiation transfer in the planets atmospheres Nauka, Moscow (in Russian) Minin IN, Tarabukhina IM (1990) To studying ... Concerning the second reason, we present the following consideration According to the book by Minin (1 988 ), the part of diffused radiation in the cloudless atmosphere depends on solar incident ... describes the diffused part of light in the incident flux The in uence of the overlying atmospheric layers (including high thin clouds), the difference between the reflection functions of the real...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 9 pot
... 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 26.7 35.0 47.8 48 .9 51.2 69. 9 74.3 82.2 61.2 75.6 93 .0 94 .3 93 .2 98 .5 92 .0 90 .7 94 .7 87.7 93 .8 90 .5 92 .9 90.8 91 .4 91 .8 87.1 89. 3 88 .9 29. 8 ... 1 09. 80 107.64 104. 79 101. 39 100.41 98 . 89 96.32 96 .10 94 . 79 85.71 86 .96 87.12 84.81 78.82 80. 79 80.24 47.16 55.08 68.52 60 .97 62.74 87 .95 89. 42 78.82 78.01 82.80 91 .65 96 .97 96 .20 96 .51 92 . 39 91.43 ... 09 93 42 48 98 34 94 43 01 46 36 59 63 66 73 68 59 44 59 39 76 39 90 38 00 36 08 31 11 97 56 00 56 90 55 91 62 99 70 04 70 89 77 58 86 46 97 52 11 43 29 02 90 21 52 20 42 12 64 39 09 24 15 95 ...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 10 docx
... 0214 0281 0076 0106 0078 0106 0077 0106 0077 0106 0078 0105 0076 0105 0077 0105 0076 0105 0076 0104 0075 0105 0075 0104 0075 0104 0075 0104 0075 0103 0074 0103 0074 0102 0074 0100 0074 0998 0073 ... 322 010 321 010 314 010 312 010 311 010 302 010 292 010 288 010 283 010 279 010 264 009 257 009 257 009 254 009 262 011 258 011 251 012 252 011 248 010 241 010 239 010 233 010 228 010 224 010 225 ... 0029 0119 0044 0108 0043 0107 0053 0102 0062 0968 0066 0946 0061 0974 0056 0100 0050 0103 0044 0106 0038 0107 0037 0107 0036 0106 0035 0105 0034 0105 0041 0103 0031 0102 0040 0100 0034 0982 0040...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 1 pptx
... months 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr Sept 22 Dec 21 March 20 Southern Hemisphere (Read Up) Dec 21 12.0 hr 11 .4 hr 10 .8 hr 10 .1 hr 9 .1 hr 7.7 hr 5.6 hr hr hr hr June 21 ... Different Dates Northern Hemisphere (Read Down) March 20 June 21 Sept 22 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 .0 hr 12 .6 hr 13 .2 hr 13 .9 hr 14 .9 hr 16 .3 hr 18 .4 hr months ... with other Overview of the Earth’s Atmosphere FIGURE 1. 1 The earth’s atmosphere as viewed from space The thin blue area near the horizon shows the shallowness of the earth’s atmosphere substances,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 2 pdf
... 45 30 27 16 2 –4 –5 –6 22 10 –3 –7 –10 – 12 –13 –14 16 –5 –10 –15 –18 20 21 22 11 –3 –11 –17 22 25 27 29 –30 –9 –18 24 29 –33 –35 –37 –38 –15 25 –31 –36 –41 –43 –45 –46 –5 22 –31 –39 ... enjoy the sun during August and September would find its name appropriate indeed FIGURE 4.17 60 80 60 40 20 20 80 80 40 60 60 40 20 80 20 40 40 20 20 100 60 20 20 80 20 20 20 20 80 40 20 20 40 20 ... –15 Calm 10 20 30 40 50 60 –4 –8 –3 –5 –6 –7 –5 –8 –11 – 12 –13 –4 –10 –14 –17 –18 –19 –4 –8 –15 20 23 25 26 –8 –13 21 25 29 –31 – 32 Air Temperature (°C) – 12 –16 20 – 12 –17 26 –31 –35...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 3 ppt
... somewhere about the globe The script is written by the sun; the production is directed by the earth’s rotation; and, just as no theater scene is staged exactly the same way twice, each weather episode ... lingering close to the ground As the day progresses, sunlight warms the surface and the surface warms the air above As the air temperature near the ground increases, the lower atmosphere gradually ... in a conditionally unstable atmosphere over the Great Plains Notice that, in the distance, the cumulonimbus with the anvil top has reached the stable part of the atmosphere 118 Chapter Cloud...
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