... picture, and articulate what they were doing in taking a cognitive strategies approach to reading and writing instruction for ELLs and why: My seven years of participation in the Pathway Project have ... APPLEBEE, A N., & LANGER, J A (1983) Instructional scaffolding: Reading and writing as natural language activities Language Arts, 60, 165-175 2/2/07, 11:22 AM OLSON AND L AND A Cognitive Strategies ... holistically scored, timed writing assessment, language arts GPA, performance on the reading and total language portions of standardized tests, and performance on statewide high-stakes, on-demand reading...