... tir "sun" cau "The sun is shining" voi cac danh tii- khac nhu "moon", "star", "light" nhung danh tii- co thi thay the no cau vira neu, hoac I7i6i quan he cua "is shining" vai "was shining" nhdm ... chang han nhu moi quan he giua "n" va cac am gan ke tii- "not", "ant", "ton" Trong phan sau cua bai viet chung toi chiing minh ro hon cap "doi vj" ("paradigmatic") dat van de nhan vat tir deo ... minh vd Pyotr Ivanovich lgi ngdi xudng "shone", "will shine", ciing nhu vai "is rising", "is setting", Con truc/quan he ket hop (syntagmatic) chi moi quan he giira cac don vi ngon ngu- mot cau...