... considerations, the original function of the NF- κB signaling pathway was the activation of innate immune responses Indeed, the function of IKK and NF- κB in the fruit fly is in the activation of innate immune ... expression of multiple inflammatory and innate immune genes The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α activate NF- κB, and their expression is induced in response to NF- κB activation, thus forming ... dual and opposing roles in the regulation of NF- κB in the nucleus and cytoplasm In the cytoplasm, TRX interferes with the signals to IκB kinases, and blocks the degradation of IκB, thus maintaining...