Applications of Environmental Chemistry: A Practical Guide for Environmental Professionals - Chpater 1 pps

... AlkalinityImportance of AlkalinityCriteria and Standards for AlkalinityCalculating Alkalinity Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, Carbonate, and pH 3.6 HardnessBackgroundCalculating HardnessImportance ... productivewaterfowl habitats correlate with increased alkalinity above 25 mg/L as CaCO3.CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR ALKALINITYNaturally occurring levels of alkalinity reaching at least 400 mg/L as CaCO3 ... precipitate soap. It was measuredby the amount of soap needed for adequate lathering and served also as an indicator of the rate of scale formation in hot water heaters and boilers. Soap is precipitated...

... J .A. and Kavanaugh, M.C., Restoring contaminated groundwater: an achievable goal?,Environ. Sci. and Technol., 13 (4), pp. 14 2 14 9, 19 94.L1354/ch05/Frame Page 15 1 Tuesday, April 18 , 2000 1: 49 AMCopyright ... 3-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. Using calibration standards for the water-soluble fractionsimproves the accuracy of identifying water sample contaminants.L1354/ch05/Frame Page 13 3 Tuesday, April 18 , ... concentrations of DNAPL-related chemicals are > ;10 ,000 mg/kg (1% of soil mass).• Groundwater concentrations of DNAPL-related chemicals increase with depth or appearin anomalous upgradient/cross-gradient...

... coolers, ice packs, clean sample containers with preser-vatives appropriate for requested analyses, container labels, and chain -of- custody forms and sealsas part of their analytical services.The ... drinking water.6 .12 OIL AND GREASE (O&G)OIL AND GREASE ANALYSISWhen you analyze for oil and grease, you are actually measuring a group of substances that havesimilar solubility characteristics ... contamination throughout all the steps of transportation, sampling, analysis, andsample preparation at the laboratory. They help assure that artifacts are recognizable and are notmistaken as...

... 12 48, 12 60, and 10 16 (CAS numbers 53469 219 , 11 0976 91, 11 104282, 11 1 411 65, 12 672296, 11 096825 and 12 67 411 2 respectively). The aquatic life criteria apply to this set of PCBs.OThe derivation of the ... load of manganese in anaverage adult is about 12 mg. Health problems in humans may arise from de cient and e xcessiveintakes of manganese. Thus, any quantitative risk assessment for manganese ... criteriadocuments: Arsenic (EPA 440/ 5-8 4-0 33), Cadmium (EPA 440/ 5-8 4-0 32), Chromium (EPA 440/ 5-8 4-0 29), Copper (EPA 440/ 5-8 4-0 31) , Cyanide (EPA 440/ 5-8 4- 028), Lead (EPA 440/ 5-8 4-0 27), Nickel (EPA...

... Conclusions 13 7 11 .9 Acknowledgements 13 8 11 .10 Citation of references 13 9 11 .11 Steps in the process of writing a paper 14 0 11 .12 Revision of the manuscript for scientific content 14 1 11 .13 Revision of ... and additional sources of information 17 0Chapter 14 . Assessment and evaluation of research 17 2 14 .1 Introduction 17 2 14 .2 Assessment and evaluation by researchers 17 3 14 .3 Assessment and evaluation ... the manuscript for style 14 2 11 .14 Writing a case report 14 4 11 .15 Writing a secondary scientific paper 14 5 11 .16 Writing a paper on qualitative research 14 7 11 .17 The dissertation or thesis 14 7References...

... trial and for verification of data. There are two components to monitoring: data management (record keeping and data handling) and data quality (quality assurance and quality control).Record-keeping ... factors: the size of the sample, and the variations of measurements in the sample indicated by the standard deviation. For example, the standard error of a mean is calculated as the standard ... program can help during data entry to ensure that all data are entered. The computer program will flag missing and out -of- range values. Inaccurate and imprecise data are a worse problem than...

... non-standard abbreviations that are used, and for identification of statistical measures of variations, such as standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Tables should have a logical structure. ... check and to compare? Can any of the tables or illustrations be omitted? Can any of the tables be replaced by a graph? Do data in the text agree with data in the tables? Are all tables and figures ... change their traditional ways of treatment and to adopt more novel approaches. Pharmaceutical companies are now exploiting this patient-centred approach by targeting patients for their messages...

... reading a meta-analysis study, it should be recognized that a meta-analysis can only be as good as the quality of its individual components. Assessment of quality of a meta-analysis has to address ... versionwww.adultpdf.comAssessment and evaluation of research 17 5 14 .3 Assessment and evaluation by health professionals 14 .3 .1 Levels of evidenceHealth professionals reading scientific papers for ... Assessment and evaluation by researchers 14 .2 .1 Reading a research paperThe title of the paper and the abstract give an indication of the novelty and relevance of the paper. For the critical reader,...