... except for the last inthe list. An ad hoc approach is no plan at all, and no organization would admit to usingsuch an approach. A software development project can take several years and involvetens ... carried out strictly in sequence. However, it is usual, partic-ularly on large projects, for many activities to take place in parallel. In particular, thishappens once the large-scale (or architectural) ... obvious that they are carried out in a certain order,we shall see that this is not always the best strategy. For example, it may not be ideal tocarry out validation as the final step. Similarly,...