... 138 , 178, 179, 2 13 14null hypothesis 180, 212numbers, assigning to attributes 46numerical summaries 132 , 152observationsanalysis 33 indirect 75objective 230 in quantitative research 33 and ... statement.British Sociological Association, Units 3F/G, Mountjoy Research Centre, StocktonRoad, DURHAM, DH1 3UR [UK]. Tel.: [+44](0)191 38 3 0 839 ; fax: [+44](0)191 38 30782; e-mail: enquiries@britsoc.org.ukBSA ... 218± 23, 235 Durkin, K. 22Eco, Umberto 36 ±7, 39 , 44, 88, 1 03, 231 Edgington, E.S. 211, 2 13 Emmison, M. 122equality of means, for independent samples185±9Ericson, Richard 4errors 27, 81, 1 03, ...