The grammar of the english verb phrase part 1 pdf
The grammar of the english verb phrase part 1 pdf
... Cappelle.p. cm. − (The grammar of the English verb phrase ; v. 1) (Topics in English linguistics ; 60 .1) Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN -13 : 978-3 -11 - 018 589-8 (hardcover : ... paper)ISBN -10 : 3 -11 - 018 589-X (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English language − Tense. 2. English language − Grammar. I. Reed, Susan, 19 59− II. Cappelle, Bert, 19 75− III. Title.PE13 01. D36 200642 51. 62−dc222006020424ISBN -13 : ... Table of contentsAcknowledgements VTable of contents VIIChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Towards a theory of tense and time 91 Chapter 3. The absolute use of the present tense 17 1Chapter...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 2 doc
... verb forms 22 A. Tense 22 1.14 Introduction 22 1.15 The formation of the present tense 23 1.16 The formation of the past tense 23 1.17 The formation of the other tenses 24 1.18 The meanings of ... 25 1.19 Special uses of tenses 27 B. Aspect 28 1 .20 Introduction 28 1 .21 Perfective aspect 301 .22 Imperfective aspect 311 .23 Habitual aspect 331 .24 Repetitive vs semelfactive aspect 351 .25 ... misunderstandings. Part III (ϭ sections 1.14Ϫ1 .27 ) is a brief over-view of tense and two other areas of meaningthat can be expressed by the use of verb formsin English and that interact with tense: the sys-tem...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 3 docx
... speak of anoun phrase (NP) (e. g.all those beautiful houses built in the sixties). If the head is a verb, the phrase is a verb phrase (VP). In the following sentence the VP is in italics and the verb ... with the past tense and the present perfect. Chapters 13 and 14look at the semantics of the temporal adverbs when, before and after and the consequences of these semantics both for the adverbial ... whether a clause refers to the performance of an action, the happening of an event, the development of a process or the existence of astate, we can say that the clause in question refers to the actualization...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 5 pdf
... form of will.)1. 15 The formation of the present tense The forms of the present tense of all verbs except be and have are homopho-nous with the stem of the verb (e. g. underline), except in the ... underlines). (The stem is that part of the verb that remains con-stant in the different forms of the verb, e. g. unravel in unravels, unravelled,unravelling.) The stem of the verb can also ... infinitive(which is the citation form of the verb used as an entry in dictionaries).1.16 The formation of the past tense The regular past tense indicative form consists of the stem of the verb and asuffix...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 12 pdf
... implicature of the past tense is due to the Gricean Maxim of Relation(better known as the Maxim of Relevance). Other things being equal Ϫ more specifically:if the clause is not couched in a piece of ... allow both readings: The miner walked through the tunnel inspecting the seam.This sentence may or may not be taken to mean that the miner reached the end of the tunnel. The interpretation is ... adverbials1.46.1 A formal test to distinguish between bounded and nonbounded clausesis the addition of a particular type of duration adverbial. Anoninclusiveduration adverbial(answering the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 17 pdf
... realization of the future tense. In the following examples there is noreal difference of meaning between will and be going to:Tomorrow there {will be / is going to be} frost in the northern part of ... equivalent, and that the difference between themis to be found in the constraints they impose on the processing in context of the utterance in which they occur”. The claim that the will/shall future ... to the time of a future situation. It is the actualization of the future situation which is the outcome predictable from the present state. Only the future situation Ϫ the one associated with the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 25 pdf
... also note the temporal rela-tion between the time of the full situation and the time of the predicated situa-tion (the situation time). The former contains the latter either in terms of inclusion ... length of the correspondingfull situation. Thus in Meg watched the elephant from six to eight, the temporaladverbial locates the situation time (the time of the predicated situation) at the time ... terms of coincidence. When a situation is nonhomogeneous(bounded), the time of the full situation coincides with the situation time; when the situation is homogeneous (nonbounded), the time of the...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 57 pdf
... t0. Since these sentences with the future tense in the head clause and the present tense in the subclause are the nonpast counterparts of examples involving the conditional tense in the headexpression ... t0.8.24.1 We have argued that the tense structure (ϭ semantics) of the two kinds of past tense are quite different from each other: the semantics of the absolutepreterite is The situation time establishes ... favour of a theory which as-sumes the existence of a relative past tense (next to an absolute one), which expressesT-simultaneity in a past domain, irrespective of the W-location of the binding...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 64 pdf
... from such sourcesas the presence of temporal adverbials, the order of appearance of the clauses, the linguistic and extralinguistic context, his pragmatic knowledge of the worldor, as will ... domain, either within the same time-zone or from one time-zone toanother. When the shift of domain is within the same zone, the hearer maydraw clues as to the temporal ordering of the situation times ... situation time in any of the four absolutezones (i. e. portions of the time line defined relative to t0) Ϫ either in the pastzone (coinciding with the past time-sphere) or in any of the three present...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 68 pdf
... W-simultaneous do-main: The result has often been that, after escaping the dangers of the widest seas, and the most violent storms, they wreck their ship in harbour. (www) The result has often been that ... me. (There is a meaning difference,because the situation time of loved may not include t0whereas the situation time of loves coincides with t0. The use of loved therefore suggests that the ... husband, where the word justmakes the use of the past perfect less likely.)9.9.5 When a pre-present domain is expanded, the speaker relates the situa-tion time of the subclause to the pre-present...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 99 pdf
... the tense structure of the when-clause (ϭ the containedorientation time of the when-clause). This temporal structure, which is the semantics of when, can therefore be paraphrased as ‘at a /the ... analysis of the temporal structure expressed by when and examined the possibilities of tensechoice in adverbial when-clauses and in the head clauses supporting them. The following are the main ... by the fact that the situation time of the when-clause is W-posterior not only to the situation time of the head clause but also to t0.Although examples like these resemble those in 13.18, they...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 111 pdf
... noun phrase which has definite reference in the sense that the speaker assumes the hearer to be familiar with the expression (ϭ NP) in question, but not with the identity of the referent of the phrase. ... corresponds to the inclusion sense of the containment relation (between the pre-present zone and the situation time) thatis part of the core meaning of the present perfect.Bifunctional temporal adverbial: ... corresponds to the coincidence sense of the containment relation (between the pre-present zone and the situation time) that is part of the core meaning of the present perfect.Coincidence: one form of containment...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 112 pdf
... whereas the referential meaning of John walked to the church is the particular actualization of this kind of situation on a given past occasion. Thisparticular actualization is the referent of the ... etc.). The denotation of a verb (e. g. walk) is a simple situation-template; the denotation of a verb phrase (e. g. walk to the church) is an enriched situation-template,and the denotation of a ... time of the headclause is T-anterior.Contained orientation time of the when-clause: in a complex sentence with awhen-clause, the orientation time which is part of the tense structure in the when-clause...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 117 pdf
... hypothesized or presup-posed. In John left, the referent of the noun phrase John is a particular personknown as having the name John. The referent of a finite clause is the actualiza-tion of ... noun phrase: when used in Donnellan’s (1966) sense, said of a noun phrase which has definite reference in the sense that the speaker assumes the hearer to know the identity of the referent of the ... other NPs to refer to the trip in question, such as your trip to Italy.Regular verb (or weak verb) : verb that forms its past tense and its past partici-ple by adding the suffix -ed to the verb...
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The grammar of the english verb phrase part 119 pdf
... term for any of the four portions of time thattogether make up the two time-spheres: the three parts of the present time-sphere, namely the pre-present zone, the present zone and the post-presentzone, ... between them) which represents a specific way of locating the actualization of a situation in time. For example, the tense struc-ture of the future tense consists of the temporal relation The situation ... to time) denot-ing the form taken by the verb to locate (the actualization of) the situationreferred to in time, i. e. to express the temporal relation between the time of the situation in question...
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