... necessary for learners to understand every word in order to understand the information they need from the recording. Therefore, learners should learn to focus on the message. When listening, the ... summarize the ideas they listen to and take notes. They had better not translate the listening text into the mother tongue, but try to understand it in the target language. Moreover, outside the ... elements: the sender, the message and the listener. The sender, such as the speaker, the television, the radio, the tape recorder, etc., gives out the message. The message is what is said. And the...