... electrodeposition. a ions reduction on theAu electrode and random nucleation, b and c formation of severalnanocrystals and growth in size, d preferred growth of a single crystalalong a preferential ... expansion in surface area as more atoms are reducedonto the rough growth front, leading to the transition fromheterogeneous nucleation to homogeneous growth process.The growth competition among ... T on , resulting in adecrease of ion concentration, which is reflected by thedecrease of current as shown in Fig. 6b during T on . Thecurrent is negative when the U is zero, indicating part of the...