... language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) or on one or more language modalities (listening, speaking, reading, writing or some combination of these). However, in this research, ... students take in order to facilitate the learning, recall of both linguistic and content area information.” Concerning the behavioural or mental nature of learning strategies, Weinstein & Mayer ... contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining, storing, retrieving, and using of language.” (Rubin & Wenden, 1987:23-27). 12characteristics of learning...