... CagA-independent pathways involved in the activation of receptor and non-RTKs, pro -in ammatory signalling, RhoGTPase activation, scattering and motility of gastric epithelial cells, as well as ... factor -a or IL-8, have been associated with anincreased risk of developing disease, including gastriccancer, as summarized in excellent review articles[1–3,5] (more details are also provided in Doc. ... ⁄ Abl and ⁄ or phosphoinositide-3-kinase mayalso activate the small Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1,and binding of CagAPYto Grb2, or Shp2 may regulateproliferative and pro -in ammatory signalling...