... By Masahiko Miyamoto THE MOONSHINE VERTEX OPERATOR ALGEBRA5 53 Lemma 3. 7. If a VOA V contains a code VOA MDand D contains a codeword δ of weight 2, then CV contains an automorphism g satisfyingg ... groups. At the end of the paper, we calculate the character of a 3C element of the Monster simple group.1. IntroductionAll vertex operator algebras (VOAs) (V,Y,1,ω) in this paper are sim-ple VOAs ... operators e a ,z a are given bye a ι(b)=c (a, b)ι (a+ b) with some c (a, b)∈R,z a ι(b)=ι(b)z a, b.If L is an even lattice, then we can take a suitable cocycle c (a, b) such thate a eb=(−1) a, bebe a ....