... known method for estimating N-gram language models.Kneser-Ney smoothing, however, requiresnonstandard N-gram counts for the lower-order models used to smooth the highest-order model. For some ... schema, Cndenotes the counting methodused for N-grams of length n. For most smoothingmethods, Cndenotes actual training corpus counts for all n. For KN smoothing and its variants, how-ever, ... inter-polated KN, instead of one D parameter for eachN-gram length, there are three: D1 for N-gramswhose count is 1, D2 for N-grams whose count is2, and D3 for N-grams whose count is 3 or more.The...