... tree -to- string and string -to- tree approaches, and propose1433a novel constituency -to- dependency model, whichuses constituency forests on the source side to di-rect translation, and dependency ... translates Cc to De, O is the set of deriva-tion, r is a constituency to dependency translation rule.1According to the reports of Liu et al. (2009), their forest-based constituency -to- constituency ... ofthe s2s rules into dependency fragments, and con-struct the pseudo s2d rules (s2s-dep). Then weuse c2d and s2s-dep rules to direct the translation. With the help of the dependency language...