... such activities that they have no time for higher value-addedservices such as knowledge management, culture management, and strategicredirection and renewal. However, information technology is ... practices focus particularly on employee develop-ment, the encouragement of learning, and knowledge management. Theseissues are discussed further in the following section, exploring in more depth ... Circles,and TQM) have also been associated with this approach to HRM. Theseprograms emphasize process management, customer focus, organizationallearning, and self-managed teams (Wood, 1999). However,...