... plankton for feeding in commercial hatcheries may therefore appear evident, in practice
the useof natural plankton often entails many constraints which will be explained in
detail in chapter 5. For ... and useof live food organisms as feed for the developing larvae. The present
manual describes the major production techniques currently employed for the cultivation
of the major types of live ... recent years through the development and useof a succession of
live food organisms as feed for the developing larvae. The aim of the present manual was
therefore to review and summarise the latest...
... commercial rearing of various species of marine
animals as a food source forall growth stages of bivalve molluscs, larval stages of some
crustacean species, and very early growth stages of some fish ... culture performance. Despite extensive
research efforts, the useof artificial diets in the culture of bivalve molluscs is still very
limited. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the three ... and failure of cells
to separate after cell division may be possible sources of erroneous counts. Counting with
a microscope has the advantage of allowing control of the quality of the cultures....
...
generations of offspring before they eventually die. The reproduction activity of
Brachionus depends on the temperature of the environment as illustrated in Table 3.1.
The life cycle of Brachionus ... The rotifers are rinsed, a small part is used for maintenance of the stock, and
the remaining rotifers can be used for upscaling. Furthermore, after some months of
regular culture the stock ... especially designed for
protein enrichment in rotifers. The high levels of proteins allow the cultures to continue
to grow and to develop during the enrichment period. Normally it is used in...
...
affecting the parental generation. For optimal useof Artemia in aquaculture the hatching
characteristics of any batch of cysts being used should be known. More information in
this respect is given ... affect the abundance of the population and eventually cause
a temporary absence of the species.
As Artemia is incapable of active dispersion, wind and waterfowl (especially flamingos)
are ... expansion of aquaculture production in the 1970’s,
the demand for Artemia cysts soon exceeded the offer and prices rose exponentially,
turning Artemia into a bottleneck for the expansion of the...
...
4.2.4. Direct useof decapsulated cysts
The direct useof Artemia cysts, in its decapsulated form, is much more limited in
larviculture of fish and shrimp, compared to the useof Artemia nauplii. ... higher than for instar I nauplii
(see 4.2.3.; Fig. 4.3.4.). For example, for the culture of carp larvae during the first two
weeks, the useof decapsulated cysts constitutes a saving of over one ... hatching of small quantities of Artemia cysts is basically very simple, several
parameters need to be taken into consideration for the successful hatching of large (i.e.
kilogram) quantities of cysts,...
... hatcheries all over the world for enhancing the
nutritional value of Artemia with essential fatty acids.
Figure 4.3.7. Schematic diagram of the useof Artemia as vector for transfer of
specific ... Penaeid shrimp
Artemia is generally used for feeding the late larval and postlarval stages of penaeids.
Freshly-hatched nauplii are usually offered at the start of the first mysis stage, and ... shading
the upper part of the hatching tank (use of cover) and focusing a light source on the
transparent conical part of the bottom. Nauplii should not be allowed to settle for too long
(i.e.,...
... seawater formulations used for tank production of Artemia
(ing.l
-1
). For the Dietrich and Kalle formulation, solutions A and B are prepared
separately, then mixed and strongly aerated for 24h. ... and adults are used as a nursery diet not only for their optimal
nutritional value but also for energetic advantages as well. For example, when offered
large Artemia instead of freshly-hatched ... production capacities. Application of an
that takes profit of the specific aspects of ongrown Artemia: instead of adding the
enrichment emulsion at the end of the culture, it is distributed...
... the culture
ponds. The same type of filters as described for large salt operations can be used.
Moreover, the small size of the ponds allows the useof so-called filter boxes. In such a
box ... ponds are often turned into
fish/shrimp ponds.
for dilution due to release of water from the cysts.
- for a low ratio of cysts to brine (e.g. useof brine ponds or large tanks), exchange of
brine ... reduced by
composting the manure before use.
One of the main disadvantages of organic fertilizers is their bulk, which causes high
transportation and labour costs. Often special facilities where...
... weight of Tigriopus can be harvested during 89 days at maximal densities
of 22,000 animals.l
-1
; the amount of yeast used for a 1 kg production of Tigriopus being 5
to 6 kg.
5.2.6. Useof resting ... cycle of Daphnia
6.1.2. Nutritional value of Daphnia
6.1.3. Feeding and nutrition of Daphnia
6.1.4. Mass culture of Daphnia
6.1.5. Production and useof resting eggs
6.1.6. Useof Moina ... stimulus for many fish which prefer them over rotifers. Another
advantage of the useof copepods, especially benthos-type species like Tisbe, is that the
non-predated copepods keep the walls of the...
... value of Daphnia
6.1.3. Feeding and nutrition of Daphnia
6.1.4. Mass culture of Daphnia
6.1.5. Production and useof resting eggs
6.1.6. Useof Moina
6.1.1. Biology and life cycle of Daphnia ... and useof resting eggs
Resting eggs are interesting material for storage, shipment and starting of new Daphnia
cultures. The production of resting eggs can be initiated by exposing a part of ... used to fortify the nematodes with
therapeutics (bio-medication). For example, nematodes can be placed in 1 l beakers with
500 ml of fresh artificial seawater and 5 g of Romet-30 premix (Hoffman...
... for automatically creating test
corpora without human labeling, originally pro-
posed for word sense disambiguation (Gale et al.,
1992; Schutze, 1992). While pseudo-words are
now less often used ... complexity. Removing this strict cutoff
appears to have little effect on the results.
Finally, we report backoff scores for Google and
Erk. These consist of always choosing the Base-
line if ... unseen
answer), and then backing off to the Google/Erk
result for Baseline unknowns. These are labeled
Backoff Google and Backoff Erk.
7 Results
Results are given for the two dimensions: con-
founder...