... from the left side ofthe heart to the tissues and back to the right heart, and a pulmonary circulation from the right side ofthe heart to the lungs and back to the left heart (Figure 2.4) The ... expansion ofthe vessel forthe brief moment that the wave of pressure passes The pressure wave is caused by contraction ofthe ventricles on the left side ofthe heart forcing blood into the arteries ... part ofthe body to another is vital to the very existence ofthe individual The blood has the task of transporting: water and nutrients from the digestive system to the cells; oxygen from the...
... length ofhuman life, according to the Greeks, was in the hands ofthe Fates, or Moerae These three sisters, daughters ofthe Goddess ofthe Night, measured out the beginning, the middle, andthe ... somewhat slowly for one or two cell divisions, at the rate ofthe mother, before rebounding to the more rapid replication rate of a younger cell Daughters of younger mothers, on the other hand, begin ... percent of what it was at the end ofthe nineteenth century These factors still compromise the survival of women in some parts ofthe world T h e reason forthe longer average lifespan of women...
... connection? And what are theimplicationsof these for HIV risk, prevention and care? This paper seeks to move beyond the epidemiology andthe measurement of behaviours and associations and enable ... 43% of men and 57% of women had ever tested for HIV, and 20% of men and 29% of women said they had done so in the previous year [2] There is evidence from services in multiple settings, and even ... complex web of processes that extend into the organization of private life and cultural arrangements [21] Thus, tenets of culture and religion and, for example, the operation ofthe legal system,...
... regions ofthe spine or between spinal and extremity lesions It also allows a rationale forthe use of spinal and extremity manipulation, myofascial therapy, therapeutic exercises, and other treatments ... damage All of these researchers claimed findings supportive ofthe double crush hypothesis, and they have been cited by other researchers and chiropractors as evidence of validity ofthe syndrome ... pain in the neck and upper back, pain radiating into the left arm, numbness and paresthesia ofthe left hand, and palpatory tenderness, muscle spasm, and facet joint hypomobility ofthe cervical...
... neurodegenerative disease Synthesis and secretion of GIF in the brain Cellular and temporal localization of GIF synthesis Whilst the MT1 and MT2 isoforms are ubiquitously synthesized throughout ... remains no clear consensus on the role of GIF in thepathogenesisof AD, and therefore we will briefly review some ofthe current thoughts on the role of GIF in AD There are numerous pathological hallmarks ... conditions [22] In the traumatically injured brain, however, the synthesis of MT1 and MT2, as well as the synthesis of GIF, are up-regulated by reactive astrocytes in the vicinity ofthe lesion [23]...
... membrane and mediate interactions with the cytoskeleton and with signaling molecules On thebasisof extensive searches ofthehumanand mouse genomic sequences, it is now known that 18 a-subunits and ... integrin conformation andbiological function For example, only N-glycans located on either the b-propeller of a5 [55] or the I-like domain of b1 or b3 [68] contribute to the regulation of integrin ... for b4) The N-terminal domains ofthe a- and b-subunits associate to form the integrin headpiece, which contains the extracellular matrix (ECM) binding site The C-terminal segments traverse the...
... cell anemia is molecularly distinct, and since Watson and Crick's (3) elucidation ofthe chemical basisof heredity, themolecularbasisofdisease has been addressed in the context of how mutations ... or required further explanation ofthe need for their samples I often thought ofthe irony ofthe situation At these reunion parties, Dr Garcia would oversee the administration ofthe electrical ... with the arrowheads representing the short, direct repeats formed at the point of insertion The left half of Alu contains the A and B boxes ofthe RNA polymerase III promoter The two halves of the...
... immunohistochemistry (data not shown) As the activity difference was small, the difference in intensity ofthe bands forthe protein andthe mRNA were faint Effects of inhibitors of cGCS and GR on primary cultured ... order of band intensities matched the levels of enzymatic activity A Northern blot analysis of total RNAs extracted from the same tissues showed some inconsistent results between the protein andthe ... investigate the contribution of de novo synthesis andthe recycling of GSH to the intracellular glutathione pool, the Ó FEBS 2002 1574 T Kaneko et al (Eur J Biochem 269) Fig GR activity andthe protein...
... with the TMDs in the outward-facing conformation The authors of both ABCG2 studies acknowledged the limitations ofthe models and that further refinement and authentication were required [65,66] The ... the sign ofthe distance change was the same as that observed in the three structural states of Chang, andthe magnitudes of distance changes for three ofthe four pairs of residues for which data ... to a structural understandingof multidrug binding The structure is comparable in terms ofthe fold andthe domain–domain interactions to the structures of MsbA and Sav1866 Furthermore, a cavity...
... questions are raised by these molecular studies What is the correlation between the in vitro and in vivo Ca2+ requirements for calpain activity? How the two isoforms target their specific substrates ... and oscillations of [Ca2+], in particular those involving specific phosphorylations of calpastatin, calpains and targets The following Minireviews develop three themes on the role of calpain and ... The structural basisof calpain behavior Y Benyamin two parts, DIIa and DIIb, come closer together, with concomitant release of constraints between the domains (large arrows) This active conformation...
... equivalences The autonomy thus acquired by the lexis ofthe target language allows the thesaurus stage ofthe dictionary to be the same for one target language whatever the source language, and at the ... from the description of a finite number of languages ) avoids the necessity ofthe comparative (source-target) identification of word (and other grammatical) categories The word class ofthe target ... adverb formed from adjective), of which the occurrence is determined by the LPI The features determining the occurrence of these forms are grammatical features ofthe determining word; they are...
... the DNA strands The wealth of information on the genomics of M tuberculosis strains present in the world today, coupled with our understandingofthe co-evolution of M tuberculosis with its human ... diagnosis andtreatment Given the 38 Understanding Tuberculosis Deciphering the Secret Life ofthe Bacilli burden to public health andthe complexity ofthe disease, an effective control of tuberculosis ... capable of subverting the immune response and persisting as a latent form within an individual andfor millennia within thehuman population Despite the availability of chemotherapy andthe continued...
... Wholeness andthe Implicate Order, 1980) Think of these two aspects as the domain andthe realm of architecture and compare them to the two “wings ofthe library.” Structural equilibrium and air-conditioning ... to further the systems basisof architecture: function as the foundation of design and industrial standardization as thebasisof construction The Bauhaus sought to close the gap between the progress ... the relations which the facts have with one another — the whole they form and fill, not with their parts In place ofthe arithmetic of nature, we now look for her geometry: the architecture of...
... signaling processes The ligation of VEGFR-2 by the majority of VEGF isoforms triggers the proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells, which in tumors form the framework of immature new ... in the formation and maintenance of tumor vasculature andthe progression of cancer VEGF and PDGF bind their corresponding receptors to trigger receptor autophosphorylation andthe initiation of ... role of cytokines in cancer therapy; and evaluate the foundation and methods for clinical trials of biologic/immunologic therapies Authors' contributions YL and SL drafted the summary, and contributed...
... K K The fitness of each ofthe chimaeras and their parental viruses is summarized in Figure 4, which shows the average area under thedisease progress curve (AUDPC) and symptom severity for each ... The chimaera comprising both MSV-Kom mp and cp exchanged into the MSV-Set genome showed the highest AUDPC of all the chimaeric constructs, achieving 80% and 85% ofthe AUDPC figures of KNco and ... determinants of pathogenicity in maize resided in the MSV movement (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes Among the bipartite begomoviruses pseudorecombination of A and B components has formed thebasisof many...
... the DNA strands The wealth of information on the genomics of M tuberculosis strains present in the world today, coupled with our understandingofthe co-evolution of M tuberculosis with its human ... diagnosis andtreatment Given the 38 Understanding Tuberculosis Deciphering the Secret Life ofthe Bacilli burden to public health andthe complexity ofthe disease, an effective control of tuberculosis ... capable of subverting the immune response and persisting as a latent form within an individual andfor millennia within thehuman population Despite the availability of chemotherapy andthe continued...
... On the other hand, for each index , andfor i ∈ I and j ∈ J , we have that row i and column j ofthe matrix φ(z ) both sum to The definition ofthe map φ thus implies that row and column sums of ... Observations 3.3 and 3.9 give a unique formula for Z, and if P is ofthe first form listed in (20), then Observations 3.9 and 3.11 give a unique formula for Z Now to each ofthe formulas φ(Z) = ... Observations 3.3 and 3.7 give a unique formula for Z, if P is ofthe first form listed in (18), then Observations 3.7 and 3.11 give a unique formula for Z, if P is ofthe first form listed in (19), then Observations...
... explore disease at the cellular andmolecular levels Specific rheumatic diseases Developments in the scientific understandingof systemic lupus erythematosus are the focus ofthe contribution of Ardoin ... immunological and nonimmunological basisofdiseaseandtheimplicationsfor future treatment options The Scientific Basisof Rheumatology: A Decade of Progress should provide the reader with ... molecular- based therapy Szekanecz and Koch [4] review the crucial involvement ofthe vasculature in inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including the role ofthe vasculature in atherosclerosis and increased...
... because the history of scientific theories is the history ofthe abandonment of old hypotheses andofthe keeping ofthe newly formulated ones For example, when a law f (x, B) derived from theoretical ... manner of contrasting the hypotheses r andthe conclusion about the value of r is subjective the rules =- r ; - OPTIMUM ESTIMATION We shall now examine another aspect ofthe question ofthe rule of ... posing the rule ofthe most probable value: choose the hypothesis i B having the largest posterior probability, with the risk of error given by the sum ofthe probabilities ofthe hypotheses...