... computer programs. Allprogramming languages are formal languages.natural language: Any of the languages people speak that have evolved nat-urally.portability: A property of a program that can run ... sentence.Although formal and natural languages have many features in common—tokens,structure, syntax and semantics—there are many differences.ambiguity: Natural languages are full of ambiguity, ... are declarations, assignments, and print state-ments.declaration: A statement that creates a new variable and determines its type.assignment: A statement that assigns a value to a variable.expression:...
... evolved naturally.Formal languages are languages that are designed by people for specific applications. Forexample, the notation that mathematicians use is a formal language that is particularlygood ... Formal and natural languages 51.4 Formal and natural languagesNatural languages are the languages people speak, such as English, Spanish, and French.They were not designed by people (although ... draw a stackdiagram. Like state diagrams, stack diagrams show the value of each variable, but theyalso show the function each variable belongs to.Each function is represented by a frame. A...
... pro-grams; all programming languages are formal languages.token: One of the basic elements of the syntactic structure of a program, analo-gous to a word in a natural language.parse: To examine a ... Another name for a runtime error.semantic error: An error in a program that makes it do something other thanwhat the programmer intended.semantics: The meaning of a program.natural language: Any ... represents a command or action. So far, thestatements you have seen are assignments and print statements.assignment: A statement that assigns a value to a variable.1For now. T he behavior of...
... easier to read the program and locate syntaxerrors. 2.2 Values A value is one of the fundamental things likea letter or a number—that a program manipulates. The only values we have manipulated ... evolved naturally.Formal languages are languages that are designed by people for specificapplications. For example, the notation that mathematicians use is a formallanguage that is particularly ... pur-poses, like representing mathematical ideas or computer programs. Allprogramming languages are formal languages.natural language: Any of the languages people speak that have evolved nat-urally.interpret:...
... directors, both as a mat-ter of common sense and as a matter of policy. Boards have a com-parative informational advantage and greater motivation to policemanagerial opportunism than managers do. ... e-fearand digitize the entire company, a task Welch says was way easierthan anyone at the company had ever imagined. E-business wasDirectors at Work 21 1about 5% of annual earnings among S&P ... acceptance of change as a constant force, candidcommunication in all directions, and acceptance of the paradox ofmanaging such an organization, which is simultaneously a singleentity and a...
... really wants and the reasons they want it. It's all part of what most sales professionals would call qualification. The value of sales qualification is in determining the 'quality' ... corporation, any pending legal actions they may be faced with, as well as any potential threats or exposures to risk that management believes could substantially impact the company's ability ... question that really matters, because . . .Far more crucial than what is valuable and important to your customer is why it is valuable and important to them.Asking questions in a way that helps...
... that there was a problemwith the SQL server (which does happen), an MS Access database was kept inreserve and all queries were pointed at a datasource that was kept as a variable inthe Application.cfm ... 3 /20 / 02 9 :21 AM Page 22 24 Chapter 1 • Thinking Likea HackerFinally, you should ensure that you are not passing more information in thequery string than is necessary. Passing the user’s password ... pass-words. Maxus claimed that he was able to defeat a popular credit card processingapplication called ICVerify from CyberCash. It was from that hacking that heobtained the database of more than 300,000...