... expressions of x2n,x2n1,y2n,ωt, and xt are important in the process of studying the spectrum containment ofthe almost periodic solutionof 1.1. Before giving the main theorem, we list the ... B}.We postpone the proof of this theorem to the next section.3. The Proof of Main TheoremTo show the Main Theorem, we need some more lemmas.Lemma 3.1. Let f ∈APR,thenσbfi2n,σbfi2n1,σbh2n,σbh2n1 ... ∈ R, which guarantees the uniqueness ofsolutionof 1.1 and cannot beomitted.To study the spectrum of almost periodic solutionof 1.1, we firstly study the solution of 1.1.Letf1nn1nsnfσdσ...
... interval symmetrizes about the origin. Then, similar to the proof of (2.9), wecan verify the condition f(α) = f(β), and the other conditions in Lemma 2.2 are satisfiedall the way. Hence, it also ... contributionsQZ carried out the theoretical proof and drafted the manuscript. XH participated in the design and coordination. Both ofthe two authors read and approved the final manuscript.References[1] ... [α, β], too. Then, by a similarmethod to the proof of (2.3) together with Lemma 2.2, we can obtain (2.4) immediately.For the other ordinary cases, i.e., a = 0, we only need to move the interval...
... and the existence results of nontrivial solutions and positive solutions are given by means ofthe topological degreetheory. Motivated by the above works, we consider the singular third -order ... “Existence of solutions for a class of third -order nonlinear boundary valueproblems,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 294, no. 1, pp. 104–112, 2004.14 D. Guo, Semi-Ordered ... problem,”Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 413–425, 2006.12 Y. Sun, “Positive solutions of singular third -order three-point boundary value problem,” Journal of Mathematical...
... multiple of k.On the other hand, in the remaining two cases, the study ofthe regular variation of the solutions gives the additional information that the positive solutions, even if they are ... MRV2M∞,0. The above theorem shows how the study ofthe regular variation ofthe solutionsand the M-classification supplement each other to give an asymptotic description of nonoscillatory solutions. ... general equations. The aim of this section is to analyze the relations between the classification ofthe eventually positive solutions according to their regularly varyingbehavior, and the M-classification....
... economics. The theory of impulsive differential equations hasbecome an important area of investigation in the recent years and is much richer than the corresponding theory of differential equations. ... mentioning the worksby Guo 31.In31, Guo investigated the minimal nonnegative solutionofthe followinginitial value problem for a secondorder nonlinear impulsive integrodifferential equation of Volterra ... we will use the cone theory andmonotone iterative technique to investigate the existence of minimal nonnegative solution for a class of second- order nonlinear impulsive differential equations on...
... 1+hν2⎤⎥⎦.(2:7)Further , let N be the number of positive roots ofthe function in (2.6), and W be the number of sign changes in its coefficients. Because the radius of convergence of thisseries is ∞, then ... verified that in the vicinity of zero, the function g(z) is oforder O (zν).By virtue of this asymptotic and because g(z) is an odd function, the integral along the left-hand side ofthe contour ... δ >0.Then, we can state the following theorem.Theorem 3.2. Let the conditions of Theorem 2.1, (3.6) and (3.7) hold. If the operator-value function q(t) has properties 1-3, then the following...
... fractional -order models have proved to be more accurate than integer- order models, i.e., there are more degrees of freedom in the fractional -order models. Inconsequence, the subject of fractional differential ... as an important area of investigation. For the general theory and applications of integer order differential equations wit h deviat ed arguments, we refer the reader to the refer-ences [39-45].As ... mentioning that the condit ions of our theorems are easily toverify, so they are applicable to a variety of problems, see Examples 4.1 and 4.2. The proof of our main resul ts is based upon the following...
... εk,3.7and therefore,Tzk−1− zk≤ εk3.8as announced. The next result is used in order to establish the fact that the sequence defined inTheorem 3.1 approximates thesolutionofthe nonlinear ... in order to approximate thesolutionof the nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equation. We define, following a fixed-point approach,a sequence of functions which approximate thesolutionof ... estimate the rate of convergence ofthe sequence of projections. For this purpose, consider the dense subset {ti}i≥1 of distinct points in 0, 1 andlet Tnbe the set {t1, ,tn} ordered...
... completed the estimate ofthe error bounds for asymptotic solutions to second order linear difference equations in the first case. For thesecond case, we leave it to the second part of this paper: ... still open. The purpose of this and the next paper Errorbounds for asymptotic solutions of second- order linear difference equations II: the second case is to estimate error bounds for solutions ... finite. Equation 3.10 is a inhomogeneous second- order linear difference equation; its solution takes the form of a particular solution added to an arbitrary linear combination of solutions to the...