... gonorrhoea and other STIs, and highlight thesupport needed. The commitment of governments, and supportfrom international donors and agencies, such as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and ... rates of STIs, including HIV, andof maternal andchild mortality. The emergence of different forms of AMR in N.gonorrhoeae is often followed by rapid spread ofthe disease, both nationally and ... reinfection, and counselling on the risks of infection, ways of 1. Test -of- cure is the reculturing or isolation and identification ofthe pathogen, e.g. N.gonorrhoeae, from a site of initial...
... partici-pated in the design ofthe study andthe statistical analysis.BF, GM, TM and LB participated in the design and coordi-nation ofthe study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.AcknowledgementsThis ... cost of ART.A complete listing ofthe data and assumptions used in the model will be provided upon request. Much ofthe dataare derived from either the Botswana AIDS Impact SurveyII or the ... including the impactof alternative scenarios.MethodsDemographic estimates and projections ofimpactof HIVprevalence use data fromthe recent estimates and simula-tions undertaken by the Botswana...
... simple and correct view ofthe defining characteristics of bothtypes of cell, were then persuaded ofthe truth ofthe sophisticated, tortuous theories of the analysts who had been given entirely random ... sickly, and would then be informed by the experimenter whether they were rightor wrong in their choice.ã Only one of them, however, was given accurate feedback fromthe experimenter; the other ... feedback.Supporters of hypothesis-led thinking are therefore reluctant to allow the theorist an entirely free hand in adapting their theory using purely the inductivemethod. They want to prevent theorists...
... organizing the qualitative and quantitative evidence. The emphasis here is on making theevidence accessible, thereby pushing up the chances of an insightful and creative interpretation ofthe true ... deeperunderstanding and/ or add a new ‘insight’. This might involve ‘reframing’ the evidence from, for instance, a semiotics perspective, to enhance the power of the analysis.ã Integrating theevidenceand ... being applied.ã The nal theoretical explanation chosen is the best candidate available interms of its fit with the observations andthe prior, independent support thatexists for it. The above basic...
... specifications include mother’s and father’s age at the time ofthechild s birth in quadratic, indicators of whether the mother or father is currently a smoker, indicator of whether the mother smoked during ... specifications include mother’s and father’s age at the time ofthechild s birth in quadratic, indicators of whether the mother or father is currently a smoker, indicator of whether the mother smoked during ... parental andchild characteristics including the mother and fathers ages at the time ofthechild s birth (entered as a quadratic), log of number of children in the household, year and month of survey...
... logistical and methodological – and it is important that the Council of Europe and other organisations continue to learn from, and improve, their work in this field. How the bodies who ask children and ... nature of delay andof cost and that theimpactof these practical barriers to child- friendly health needs further study. The survey also provides a useful indication of how valuable children’s ... health care professional andthechild s experience. Firstly, it asked whether thechild had time alone with the person they were seeing – 54.2% said that they did, 25% said they did not and 20.8%...
... of REACH. The estimation used the mean values ofthe average and maximum prices for the single tests. The test categories are specified in the Appendix V to VIII oftheREACH proposal of ... to use the minimum price; second, to use the mean ofthe minimum and the maximum price; and third, to use both of these substitutes. The reasons not to use these substitutions are the same ... interested in the size ofthe variation relative to the size ofthe observation. Thus, we can compare the variability of a test price with a mean of 800 Euros to one of 80,000 Euros. The standard...
... ofthe study and helped draft the manuscript. ES participated in the acquisition ofthe study and helped draft the manuscript. GN participated in the interpretation of data and helped draft the ... non-PI-con-taining therapy, as compared to patients continuing stablePI-ART. However, these aspects need to be further investi-gated and there is a need for further study ofthe effect of different ... planning and design. LEE participated in the coordination, carried out the statistical analysis and interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript. GAB participated the coordina-tion and acquisition...
... grow FMD isolates from the field. The growth of FMD isolates fromthe field is important to allow further analysis of these isolates by PCR and sequencing. 9. Conclusion The project activities ... laboratory. The laboratory in Hanoi has the skills and is doing quite well in the application ofthe ELISA but this laboratory needs further contact with AAHL to increase their understanding ofthe ... management and control. Since women at the village level are the primary animal handlers and managers, they will be major beneficiaries ofthe final outcome of better diagnosis and control of animal...
... Summary Over the life ofthe project there was improvement and advances in both activities in the field and laboratory. The quality of both the diagnostic tests andthe field data collected ... The project highlighted the need to have coordination between the laboratory andthe field staff in the control of FMD and in understanding the serosurveillance data post-vaccination and ... FMD samples fromthe field and molecular epidemiological studies ofthe FMDV isolates in these provinces has provided insights into the effectiveness of border control and origin of circulating...
... factor to the better provision of samples fromthe southern provinces. A combination of fewer specialized staff in the northern provinces and laboratories andthe required allocation of resources ... intermittently fromthe other northern province in the project, Quang Ninh. The central provinces of Kom Tum and Quang Nam provided samples for all but the 3rd round. In the southern provinces ... to the A component ofthe vaccine (100% positive on the ELISA) but only 25% on the O ELISA. This is most likely to be a problem with the sensitivity ofthe O ELISA, given the response to the...
... outbreaks of AI and PRRSV. Nevertheless, the management and implementation of highly effective measures for the diagnosis and control of FMD was particularly successful in the south of Vietnam. ... laboratory and field-based personnel. During the course ofthe project there was a clear improvement and advances in both laboratory and field-based activities for the diagnosis and control of FMD. The ... and internationally and recognition ofthe achievements made in relation to the understanding and control of FMD in Vietnam. FMD is a disease of importance in Vietnam andof strategic significance...
... far in the project and continue to provide support to the establishment ofthe technologies transferred to the laboratories. The next round ofthe sero-surveillance for the collection ofthe samples ... training of field veterinarians was carried out with feedback ofthe results from first rounds of testing and experiences fromthe first round of sample collection to increase the quality of samples ... necessary for the history ofthe animals on the villages in the project. It was identified that data collected from the field was not suitable fromthe first round of sero-surveillance. The funding...
... far in the project and continue to provide support to the establishment ofthe technologies transferred to the laboratories. The next round ofthe sero-surveillance for the collection ofthe samples ... FMD isolates fromthe field and produce ELISA antigen for the laboratories in the project. The FMD isolates fromthe field will be sent for further analysis of these isolates by PCR and sequencing. ... samples and how to collect information necessary for the history ofthe animals for the villages in the project. The data on the animals fromthe sero-surveillance is critical to allow analysis of...