... school in the categories of actio and passio; andthe relation of such of them as are active, to their objects, andof such of them as are passive, to their causes, Chapter X. OfThe Inverse ... the same way, or nearly the same way, in which they would have worked if they had been in possession of principles. But the bulk of mankind require either to understand the theory of what they ... it is situated at the mouth ofthe Dart. But it is no part ofthe signification ofthe word John, that the father ofthe person so called bore the same name; nor even ofthe word Dartmouth,...
... degenerativedisease ofthe brain andthe leading cause of SENIL-ITY in the United States. About 4 million Americanshave Alzheimer’s disease, roughly 10 percent of the U.S. population over the age of 65 and ... larynx, hairgrowth, and muscular development. Testosteronemaintains the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and sperm production ofthe testes. The inner region ofthe adrenal gland, the medulla, is ... bronchioles (the small airpassageways ofthe lungs). It stimulates the release of free FATTY ACIDS from fat stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE and the release of glucose from glycogen. The effects of norepinephrine...
... things in their basic principles resemble all other things, and we are safe in judging ofthe unknown by the known, of the invisible by the visible, andofthe whole by a part. Great and important ... gradations of both form and color, and these har- monies extend to the bust and other parts ofthe system as well as to the head. Let the reader notice that there is a great con- trast in the size of ... brain, the left brain, the inner white brain, the outer gray brain, the different parts ofthe cerebrum, ofthe cerebellum, spleen, ganglia, white and red corpus- cles ofthe blood and many other...
... larynx, hairgrowth, and muscular development. Testosteronemaintains the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and sperm production ofthe testes. The inner region ofthe adrenal gland, the medulla, is ... molecular theories of aging10 agar nated as “L,” andthe right-handed opposites aredesignated as “D.” Only L-amino acids are suppliedby food and synthesized in the body, and only the “L” forms ... bronchioles (the small airpassageways ofthe lungs). It stimulates the release of free FATTY ACIDS from fat stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE and the release of glucose from glycogen. The effects of norepinephrine...
... ends of long bones ofthe arms and legs. Red bone marrow fills the cavities and the ends of some long bones and most flat bones. Inadults, red marrow is the site of synthesis of redblood cells and ... obsessedwith the fear of obesity. They fear being unloved,being judged in terms of their appearance and degree of success. Food, eating, and weight controlbecome obsessions, dwarfing other areas of theirpersonal ... particles and eases their passage into the stomach and initiates starch digestion by the enzyme salivary amylase. The act of swallowingmoves the food past the epiglottis and down into the esophagus,...
... percent of their calories from fat and oils.Often manufacturers add “natural grains” toincrease the nutritional value of chips. However, the main ingredients are often the same as that in the regular ... powerhouses. The oxidation of pyruvate andof acetyl CoArequires the B vitamins NIACIN, RIBOFLAVIN, THIAMIN, and PANTOTHENIC ACID, which form key enzymehelpers (COENZYMES). The complete oxidation of each ... DIET.)caviar The roe of sturgeon and other fish that hasbeen salted and pressed. Sturgeon ofthe CaspianSea yield 90 percent ofthe world’s caviar, althoughthis source is endangered by overfishing and...
... (DRI) The most re-cent set of dietary recommendations established by the Food andNutrition Board ofthe Institute of Medicine. They update and expand the RECOM-MENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES the ... represents the last5 feet ofthe intestine. It is shaped like a hooparound the mass ofthe small intestine. The upwardleg ofthe hoop represents the “ascending colon”; the top ofthe hoop represents ... withSALIVA. The tongue forces the BOLUS (wad) of foodback into the mouth and into the upper part of the throat. In the involuntary or automatic stage of swallowing, the bolus moves into the ESOPHAGUS,the...
... lining the cavities and ducts ofthe body and all body sur-faces. The epithelium forms the skin, the lining of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and ducts of secretorytissues like the LIVER and PANCREAS, ... occurring in the blood and other body fluids and in solutions in general. Electrolytes control the distribution of water among the blood, cells, and tis-sues, andthe spaces between them; thus, ... OIL.)esophagus The tube connecting the mouth and the upper end ofthe STOMACH. In the process of swallowing, chewed food is transported down the esophagus by the involuntary wavelike contraction and relaxation...
... supportive food chain The linkage ofthe feeding habits of animals to each other and to the plants they con-sume. As the ultimate consumer of foods, humansare at the top ofthe food chain. Livestock, ... convenient method of estimating body FAT. This test relies on a mea-surement ofthe width of a fold of skin on the back of the upper arm or other part ofthe body. Skin foldmeasurements, together with ... sub-stances that limit the growth of pathogenic organ-isms and stimulate the IMMUNE SYSTEM. The composition of colonic bacteria varies with the composition ofthe diet, the transit time (the speed with...
... digestivetract and other cavities. Gastric glands in the lining of the stomach secrete GASTRIC JUICE for digestion. The parotoid and salivary glands produce SALIVA.Sudoriferous glands in the skin ... aging, CROHN’S DIS-EASE, cystic fibrosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. The more refined and processed the foods in the diet, the greater the risk of developing gallstones.High-fiber diets ... found in wheat, rye, and othergrains. Together with glutenin, the other majortype of GLUTEN protein, gliaden is responsible for the stickiness of dough. The high gluten content of wheat FLOUR...
... controlled by the nervous system andthe ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. The regulation and integration of these two systems isaccomplished by the PITUITARY GLAND, the HYPO-THALAMUS, andthe ADRENAL GLANDS. The ... (contraction of smooth muscles of the DIGESTIVE TRACT), andthe secretion of most glands,including sweat glands, glands producing digestivejuices (salivary glands, pancreas, stomach, and intestinal glands), ... vessels, and cardiac muscles. The parasympathetic and sympathetic portions of the autonomic NERVOUS SYSTEM counterbalance eachother. The sympathetic division adapts the body tostress, while the...
... people with IBS the urge may come sooner,with cramps and diarrhea. The strength of the response is often related to the number of calories ina meal and especially the amount of fat in a meal.Fat ... towork. Other family members can participate infeeding sessions, developing the warmth of thatassociation. The mother of a formula-fed infant canoffer the same closeness and stimulation as the BREAST-FEEDINGmother.In ... not part ofthe body.Another feature ofthe immune system is memory.It can remember previous invaders and mount arapid response to them when they reappear. When the immune system is healthy, ...
... about 8 feet long and liesbetween the DUODENUM (the first 10 inches) and the ILEUM, the last 12 feet of small intestine. Likeother regions ofthe small intestine, the jejunumpossesses a large ... few ofthe vitamins and trace miner-als, and none ofthe fiber lost during foodmanufacture.Overnutrition is a second consequence of dietsrelying on junk foods. Junk food is a major source of ... jaundice reflects the excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin isproduced during the degradation ofthe red pig-ment ofthe oxygen-carrying protein HEMOGLOBINduring disposal of aged red...
... passes through the convolutedtubules ofthe nephron, where most ofthe sodiumchloride is reabsorbed into the blood. The tubuleshelp regulate the sodium content andthe pH of the blood by exchanging ... regions of Africa, the Near East, Asia, and Central and South America, the disease often be-gins with the birth of a second child. The weaned,first-born child must then rely on cereals, often ... UREA (the end product of protein degradation), and cre-atinine (the waste product of muscle metabolism).Larger particles like proteins and cells are retainedin the blood by the glomerulus.The...
... water. The fat content depends on the type of meat, the nutritional state ofthe animal, the degree of trimming, andthe method of preparation. Meat and dairy products supply half ofthe total ... SYSTEM.mouth The oral cavity. The mouth is defined byfour structures: the hard palate, the bony structurethat is the roof ofthe mouth; the soft palate, the arch-shaped structure at the back ofthe mouthcomposed ... mercury the tongue and its muscles, which form the floor of the mouth. The teeth andthe tongue are accessory struc-tures ofthe mouth. The tongue functions to movechewed food to the back of the...