the most abundant element in the earth s crust
Material that forms the earth’s crust
Ngày tải lên :
30/11/2016, 18:18
... skeletons of small sea creatures, fish, and shells These fall to the bottom of the sea when the animals die They pile up over millions of years and the weight compresses the particles into layers ... lots of sand is worn away from the earth s crust This sand is carried by the wind and rivers They are deposited in the sea or in a desert where the layers build up over time The layers become ... solid rock Chemicals in the sea water also help to cement the particles together into solid rock Limestone is the most common type of rock in Ireland, and can be seen best in the Burren in...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... Physics of the Research Institute for Physics of St Petersburg State University She has taken part in the process of getting the results from the solar radiation measurements It helps to understand ... cross-section” in another terminology and the scattering cross-section is called “integral scattering cross-section” The sense of these names is evident from (1.12)–(1.15) 12 Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere ... (T, k) = in (1.28) The data of the second kind describe the separate absorption lines of the gases (parameters of the fine structure) The theoretical aspects of the calculations using these data...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... methodologies to the real cloudiness Remember the classification of the stratiform clouds: the stratiform clouds of the lower level are Stratus (St), Stratus-cumulus (Sc), Nimbus stratus (Ns); the stratiform ... radiance as a brightness of the luminous object Actually, it is well known that the viewing brightness of stars decreases with the increasing of distance It is evident that as the star is further, then ... Relations (1.82) together with (1.80)–(1.81) are expressing the simple links of the reflection and transmission functions in the case of the system “atmosphere plus surface” with the same functions...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... two stages The first stage of processing of the observational results is called an initial processing and obtained the radiance and irradiance spectra on the basis of the output signal of the instrument ... angles less than 50◦ , but for higher angles the uncertainty are increasing These uncertainties were taken into account either during the observations or during the data processing accomplished ... spectrometer with a grating of 600 lines per mm as a dispersing element The operating spectral range of the instrument was 330–978 nm, registration time of the single spectrum was s and the spectral...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... evidently has a sense of the spectra density in this class Hence, the spectrum providing the maximal spectra density in the class has been chosen as starting The formal computer classification has to ... possibility of using it as a starting one For this spectrum, the number of the spectra of the same class is determined together with the average distance to the spectra of this class expressed ... results is rather significant at the boundaries of the spectral regions, where the sensitivity of the photomultiplier is weak The analysis of the observational results indicates the decreasing...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... measurements and processing Thus, the excessive (anomalous) absorption really exists and it is mostly evinced in the shortwave spectral region The main result of the study by Minnet (1999) is the following: ... clouds In the remainder of this subsection the following thesis are given: The excessive absorption of SWR is defined just by the optical properties of cloudiness and is not caused by the observational ... (in Russian) Sobolev VV (1972) The light scattering in the planet atmospheres Nauka Moscow (in Russian) STANDARDS 4401–81 Standard atmosphere USSR state standard (1981) Standard s Press, Moscow...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... of the phase function statement is the most serious obstacle in the interpretation of the satellite observations of the diffused solar radiance In addition to the listed problems, there is a ... the instrument readings but the results of their numerical modeling as well, so both processes in uence the accuracy On the basis of the above arguments, the 160 The Problem of Retrieving Atmospheric ... part of systematic un˜ certainty ∆ Y This estimation is usually accomplished either from the physical reasons (in this case there is a possibility to neglect the inaccurate assignment of the parameters)...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... convert these expressions and to obtain the inverse formulas for the retrieval of the desired parameters after substituting the measured values of the radiative characteristics The first studies in ... April) The surface inhomogeneity has been smoothed during the second stage of the data processing, but the spectral distortions of the upwelling irradiances have remained and they cause the systematic ... irradiances the algorithm of the inverse problem solving could cause the false conclusion about the existence of the aerosol layers in the upper troposphere and in the stratosphere Hence, the results...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 8 pps
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... Cloudiness The cloudy system consisting of the separate cloud layers has been discussed in Sect 2.3, and the model of multilayer cloudiness together with the set of the formulas solving the direct ... are presented in the same table As is seen from the table, the uncertainty in the case of inhomogeneous layers is the same as in the case of the homogeneous layers and depends only on the applicability ... just minus has to be chosen here Indeed, in the case of the conservative scattering the equalities ρ = ρ0 (µ, µ0 , ϕ) and s2 = are satisfied only with minus before the radical In the case of using...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 9 pot
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... with the results of considering the cloud layer as a whole Using the spectral dependence of the irradiances promotes diminishing the uncertainties of the retrieval because the results obtained ... from the physical point it is incorrect to average the initial parameters over the elementary volume before solving The incorrectness is intensified with the essentially different scales of the elementary ... accomplished in stratus-cumulus cloudiness in the Southern hemisphere (Boers et al 1996) and to the results of the FIRE experiment in the Arctic (Curry et al 2000) The same values are cited in the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 10 docx
Ngày tải lên :
05/08/2014, 21:21
... 246 inverse expressions 231 inverse formulas 212 inverse problem 68, 201, 228 – incorrectness 153 – of atmospheric optics 133, 205 – solution 138, 164 inverse problem solving 192 – algorithms 167 ... coefficient 134 scattering angle 11 scattering azimuth 11 scattering cross-section 10 secondary processing 81, 94 semi -in nite atmosphere 58, 64 semiautomatic regime 89 semispherical flux semispherical ... − 24q As2 ) Divide both parts by polynomial − 3 s + 19q s2 , keeping the items with the first and the second power of s, collecting the likewise terms and obtain the linear equation respected...
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From the Earth’s Core to Outer Space docx
Ngày tải lên :
14/03/2014, 10:20
... results show that in these orogenic processes the crust has been composed of smaller Proterozoic fragments, microcontinents, island arcs and intervening sedimentary basins The collision process starts ... Controlled Source Seismic Surveys Most of the information we have on the upper part of the Earth is based on the results from the controlled source seismic measurements In broad terms these studies can ... starts with subduction in which the oceanic crust is thrusting under continental crust, much in the same way as today the Pacific plate is thrusting under the Andes Traces of these old processes...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 1 pptx
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... closely and notice that, as the earth spins on its axis, the side facing the sun is in sunshine and the other side is in darkness Thus, half of the globe is always illuminated If the earth s axis ... and swing around into the shadows more quickly Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire Focus on an Observation: The Aurora—A Dazzling Light Show Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere Seasons in the Southern ... UV–B is mainly responsible for burning the skin, UV–A can cause skin redness It can also interfere with the skin s immune system and cause long-term skin damage that shows up years later as accelerated...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 2 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest During the summer, it rises in the northeast, reaches a much higher position in the sky at noon, and sets in the northwest Clearly, objects facing ... pressure inside the parcel is due to the collision of all the molecules against the walls of the parcel In other words, the total pressure inside the parcel is equal to the sum of the pressures ... encloses the instruments, protecting them from rain, snow, and the sun s direct rays It is of these instruments measure the electrical resistance of a particular material Since the resistance of the...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 3 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... Russian scientists claim great success in suppressing hail using ice nuclei, such as silver iodide and lead iodide In the United States, the results of most hail-suppression experiments are still ... clouds are also significant because they visually indicate the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere; to a trained observer, they are signposts in the sky In the beginning of this chapter, ... at the atmospheric processes these signposts point to, the first of which is atmospheric stability Later, we will examine the different mechanisms responsible for the formation of most clouds Toward...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 4 pdf
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... Coriolis force deflects the air, causing it to blow from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere These steady winds provided sailing ships with ... direction in terms of compass points, such as N, NW, NE, and so on THE INFLUENCE OF PREVAILING WINDS Measuring and Determining Winds Wind is characterized by its direction, speed, and gustiness Because ... the northeast trades thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, where they settle upon the Amazon basin Some scientists suggest that this is one of the major sources of soil nutrients for the...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 5 potx
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... communication system in use today is known as AWIPS (Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System) The AWIPS system is shown in Fig 9.2 The AWIPS system has new data communications, storage, processing, ... in the Focus section on p 222.) Winds aloft steer the movement of the surface pressure systems Since the winds above the storm in Fig 8.22 are blowing from the southwest, the surface low should ... wind that descends the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains is the chinook The same type of wind in the Alps is the foehn A warm, dry downslope wind that blows into southern California is the Santa...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 6 docx
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... mesocyclone As the mesocyclone stretches vertically (and shrinks horizontally) the spinning air increases in speed and rises rapidly Inside the mesocyclone a spinning vortex of increasing wind speed ... passing south of Chicago, winds on Tuesday will gradually shift from southeasterly to easterly, then northeasterly by evening Since the system is intensifying, it should produce strong winds ... colder Winds southeasterly this morning, becoming southerly or southwesterly this evening and shifting to northwesterly by Wednesday morning Pressures falling this morning, leveling off this evening,...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 7 doc
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... just as ice skaters spin faster as their arms are brought in close to their bodies The winds then generate rough seas, which increase the friction on the moving air This increased friction causes ... centers in the Northern Hemisphere A hurricane consists of a mass of organized thunderstorms that spiral in toward the extreme low pressure of the storm s eye The most intense thunderstorms, the ... while the smoke from the taller stack, above the inversion, rises, mixes, and disperses downwind As the sun rises and the surface warms, the radiation inversion normally weakens and disappears before...
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The Earth’s Atmosphere Contents Part 8 doc
Ngày tải lên :
09/08/2014, 11:20
... that most air pollution episodes occur when the winds are light, skies are clear, the mixing layer is shallow, the atmosphere is stable, and a strong inversion exists These conditions usually ... northern Australia In many areas (especially within India and Southeast Asia), the marked variation in precipitation is associated with the monsoon the seasonal reversal of winds As we saw in Chapter ... along the east coasts of continents, roughly between 25° and 40° latitude They dominate the southeastern section of the United States, as well as eastern China and southern Japan In the Southern...
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