... plant under thecontrol of thecontrolsystem Controller The elements of an open-loop controlsystem can usually be divided into two parts: controller andthe controlled process The controller ... angle and load-torque are the inputs (objectives) andthe engine-speed is the output The engine is the controlled process of thesystem A few more applications of controlsystems can be found in the ... for the output of thecontrolsystemControl systems can have more than one input or output The input andthe output represent the desired response andthe actual response respectively A control...
... quality; the last one usually drives thesystem into a safe failing mode For each of the solutions the necessary resources andthe preconditions are listed On the other hand, the computer system ... on the one hand, and from the technological trend towards more flexible, i.e., program controlled, automation devices on the other hand It is the aim to reach the state that computer-based systems ... solutions Then they swap them for final testing Since they have both specified and developed their solutions, both groups know the problem very well, they know which questions and difficulties they had...
... Institute NOS, Not Otherwise Specified 210 SEER Survival Monograph Chapter 25 Cancer of the Brain and Nervous System Table 25.7: Cancer of the Other Central Nervous System: Distributions and 5-Year Relative ... patients with other CNS cancer, the spine was the most common primary site (53.9% of total), followed by the brain (41.3% of total) and other (4.8% of total) Other CNS cancers in the brain (malignant ... individuals with other CNS cancer These relative survival estimates show the distinct difference between the two types of cancer even though they both affect the central nervous system; therefore, brain...
... in Equation 1) If the firm advertises the brand and consumers try the brand, the firm can recoup its advertising expenditures through repeat purchase On the other hand, if the brand is low quality ... which the consumer is uncertain If the consumer recognizes the brand (and there is no uncertainty in recognition), but the consumer is uncertain about all other aspects of the brand, then brand ... relative to the number of brands on the market—about 10% of the available brands Hauser and Wernerfelt argue further that a consider-thenchoose rule is likely the optimal decision strategy when the consumer...
... production or, in the case of hormones and other endogenous compounds, since the rise of animal life What is emerging is the interest by the scientific and lay communities in the presence of these chemicals ... presence and concentrations of these compounds These studies of the presence and concentrations of PPCPs have led to multiple focused studies that address the need to understand the transformation and ... the studies reviewed herein show, the POCIS and SPMDs are collecting detectable amounts of PPCPs, and better environmental calibration will only expand the use of these samplers This review and...
... selected commonly on the basis of their consumption in the country where the study is being conducted, the rate of metabolism of drugs, the environmental occurrence, and persistence in the environment ... for all of the compounds The authors also studied the effect of sample preservatives on the recovery of the pharmaceuticals.21 They compared formaldehyde and sulfuric acid, obtaining the best results ... authors26 studied the effect of the washing and of the eluting solvent and pH on the extraction step using a single pretreatment (SPE, Oasis HLB) Prior to the elution step, the adsorbent was...
... through tandem SAX and HLB SPE cartridges The humics are retained by the SAX cartridge andthe tetracyclines pass through to the HLB cartridge, where they are retained The SAX cartridge is then removed, ... where the sorbent is “wetted.” Solvents are used to rinse the sorbent and to allow contact of the analytes with the solid phase The next step involves the “loading” of the sample onto the cartridge ... that the unwanted matrix can be captured in the SPE sorbent while the analytes pass through the cartridge and are collected for further concentration Either way, the main purpose of SPE is the...
... concentration, on the one hand, andthe experimental determination of a no-effect concentration (NOEC) of the pharmaceutical on the other hand.3,4 Because the aquatic environment represents the primary ... accordance with the test guideline OECD 20320 andthe EC Guideline Part 2—Testing Methods, Part C 1.21 Ten fish were used for each concentration of the test compound and for thecontrol group The fish ... case the cell number was determined via measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence The increase of biomass andthe growth rate was calculated on the basis of the cell counts The calculated biomass and...
... Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems reviews our understanding of the inputs of livestock medicines to the environment and synthesizes the available information on the fate and ... be incorporated into the calculation The model calculated the concentration of the veterinary medicine in animal manure and then uses the nitrogen content of the manure andthe maximum spreading ... prioritize these and begin to develop an understanding of the fate (and effects) of some of the more important classes in the environment A large body of data is now available on the effects of the...
... biodegradation, increased these times to 90 h and 500 h, respectively In contrast, aerating the systems in either the presence or absence of NaN3 reduced the 90% disappearance times for the open and covered ... interacted with the metal oxides via the tricarbonylamide and carbonyl functional groups The formation of the surface complex subsequently resulted in the dissolution of the metal-hydrous oxides and aqueous ... reducing the mobility and persistence of these antibiotics in the environment 6.3.2 DEGRADATION IN MANURE AND SOIL Lee et al.8 and Kumar et al.11 have recently reviewed the literature on the degradation...
... the slurry These organisms were selected for the preliminary trial because of their ease of detection, relevance, and availability The slurry was then poured onto the surface of the columns The ... so that the bottom of the soil column rested firmly on the sand Soil columns were allowed to drain, and those with drainage times of 24 to 48 h were chosen for the experiment and were randomly ... a sandy loam and a sandy type The Kd values described for those soils were 128 and 10.8, respectively, and desorption was reported at 13 and 26% After one “rain” event, approximately 70% of the...
... Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems was formed (40 to 960 mL, dependent on the soil), sampled from the collecting dish, weighed, and aliquoted At the end of the experiment the ... leaching potential Therefore, the later uptake was less in the sandy soil due to depletion of the compound in the pore water Sulfamethazine is more mobile and is therefore taken up first and depleted ... chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, the effect of stimulated nitrogen uptake shown by wheat and corn plants grown on a sandy loam demonstrated the uptake and activity of the residues within the plants.34,35...
... twice as much product as thecontrol maize GSTs Pinto beans, on the other hand, showed no difference in product formation between the treated andcontrol samples In addition, the pinto bean samples ... 2, and days after plants were treated with CTC (A) Maize control (MCR) and CTC-treated (MTR) plants (B) Pinto bean control (PCR) and CTC-treated (PTR) plants Values represent the mean and standard ... as Phase III of the detoxification pathway, andthe end result for the xenobiotic differs depending on the organism In plants, the GSH-conjugated xenobiotic is either stored in the cell’s vacuole...
... drugs throughout the world, their partial metabolism after ingestion, and inconsistencies in the way they are disposed make their presence in the aquatic environment inevitable Their sources in ... expected in the environment, their constant infusion can cause them to become more persistent and, therefore, even if the half-lives of these compounds are short, long-term exposure effects and combinatory ... what does and does not work in remediating the presence of drugs in drinking water There is no question that subtherapeutic doses of these compounds are finding their way into the surface and groundwaters...