... maintained along the middle and lower reaches ofthe Volga, the Bulgarsand Khazars were already there in force. The installation of northerners on the middle Dnieper towards the end of the ninth century ... encountered the tundra lands of the far north before the end ofthe seventeenth century. The tundra, which is the region of swamp, moss, peat, lichen, scrub and perennial grassland to the north ofthe ... Russia. The trade routes along the river systems between the Baltic Sea in the north and the Black and Caspian Seas to the south were important for the development of early Rus’. The soils of the...
... to all [other]national migrations: namely from the west to the east, from the shores of the Volga to the coasts ofthe Pacific Ocean.’ Thehistoryofthe exploration andsettlement of all Siberia, ... Professor ofHistory at the University of Sunderland and the author of Between Two Revolutions: Stolypin and the Politics of Renewal inRussia (1998) and The End of Imperial Russia (1997).theodore ... aspect ofthe survival ofthe Old Regime wasthat the dynastic state was less under the control of social elites in Russia thanwas the case elsewhere in the periphery, which added to the sense of...
... public eyewitnesses ofthe nature ofthe movement and the USSR,all the more credible and authentic in the eyes ofthe public by virtue of theirexperience within and break with the party. Within ... advo-cate of appeasement in the 1930s, a philosopher ofhistory and the prolificauthor of a multi-volume historyofthe Soviet Union, 1917–29.93Even in the 1930s when Carr had been sympathetic to the ... controversies ofthe Soviet past. The volume is not simply a historyofthe ethnically Russian part ofthe countrybut rather ofthe two great multinational states – tsarist and Soviet – as wellas the...
... 'god'. Andin the development ofthe alphabet it was the name which determined the sound, rather than the sound which determined the name (the initialsound ofthe name was identical to the sound ... the meaning of morphological elements is the domain of syntax. In contrast to the forms of a language which, after all, can be described rather objectively,an analysis ofthe function of these ... aspect of the diphthongal system is uncertain and subject to fierce debate and the most controversial of these are discussed in Đ3.3.3 in the context of the development ofthe language. The situation...
... ignore the infinitive the alternation would be the same as in drifan, despite the fact that the original post-vocalic consonant was in the case of the former *[b], in the case ofthe latter ... declined like word, they need not be discussed. The neuters, like the masculines, are further examples ofthe simplification of the declensional system. But the motivation for the shift was not ... wordsshare. In these words this differentiating vowel is called the theme. The combination of root + theme gives us the morphological element whichis called the stem.Themes in Germanic were of three...
... whether this is a result ofthe Latin or of the OE; however, when the two are distinctly different, we may assumethat we have fairly clear evidence of OE rather than of Latin structure.Where the ... in the normal course of events, cf. PDEbe going to). One ofthe conditions for the extension ofthe scul- of obligation to prediction may have been its use in sentences such as (9)and the ... flights.where the Latin is Scipio p/urima bella gessit ' Scipio many warswaged'.In View Ofthe later historyofthe progressive in English, and the replacement ofthe BE + ende...
... represents the exact words ofthe reportedproposition, and when the subjects ofthe main clause and of the complement are the same. It is only occasionally absent if the complement represents the words ... Jim to paint the kitchen ='She expected that Jim would paint the kitchen'. If the subject of the lower verb is co-referential with the subject ofthe higher verb, thenthere is no ... for-that they say these words PT they closehiera modes earan ongean 6a godcundan laretheir soul's ears against that divine teaching(CP 45.337.21)But the reason they say these words is that they...
... Only the meaning of a lexical item ofthe donor language istransferred to the receptor language, when either: (a) the meaning of some lexical item ofthe donor language influences the meaning of ... the kinsmen): ' Andthen they (K) offered their kinsmen that they might depart unscathed. Andthey (E) said that the same offer had been made to their (K) comrades, whohad been with the ... arelater and show the VLat. development of [i] > [e], [u] > [o] dating backto the third century.Another criterion for the establishment ofthe age of a loan is whetherit has undergone...
... Marchand1969:15fT.). The basic criterion used here is the derived status of the determinatum and the function ofthe determinant as one of the arguments ofthe underlying predicate.2 Regular compounds(a) The ... monostratal because ofthe nature ofthe OE texts, which allcome from the same type of social group and represent only the writtenlanguage. At the same time this limits the dimension of& apos; attitude' ... together with other types of zero-derivation.Since the explicit morphological structure of such formations did notagree with their function, they were often reformed by either changingthe...
... additions to the Rushworth Gospels (Ral). As is the case forNorthumbria, no East Midland texts apparently survive the period of the Viking invasions of England.Since the texts ofthe period ofthe Mercian ... trace thehistoryofthe spread or decline of the selected features. They also hope to explain those changes by relatingthem to contact among speakers of different varieties, to the mobility of significant ... early texts can be related to the southeast (mostly to the subkingdom of Kent), but none of these texts exhibits the same sort of regularity as found for the Mercian VPs, the Northumbrian Li (as wellas...
... ways, the traditional techniques of versecomposition both discourage the use of a variety of verbs and deprivethem of emphasis when they are used. One further manifestation of thisis the use of ... Apollonius of Tyre and some saints' lives. The high period of prose came towards the end ofthe tenth century, with the work of the homilist ./Elfric, the acknowledged master of Old English ... in the course ofthe Anglo-Saxon period (cf. Shippey 1972). If,on the other hand, the specialised language was the gradual creation of individual poets in a literate culture, as the evidence of...
... to the Past: Place-Names and the History of England. London:Dent1978b. &apos ;The effect of man on the landscape: the place-name evidence inBerkshire'. In The Effect on Man on the ... expression of case, mood ortemporal relations. Thus of the man is the periphrastic counterpart of the man's.phonaestheme A phoneme or sequence of phonemes which has the property of sound ... refer to the relative prominence of an item, most often a clause. In the following, the first clause is the foreground, the second the background: John sang while Donna played the piano.gap...
... the major historical divisions between volumesare based upon the former type of events (the Norman Conquest, the spread of printing, the declaration of independence by the USA) ratherthan the ... through most of our period,and it is especially associated with the homiletic tradition. At first therewere writings in both the east and the west ofthe country, though by the end of the twelfth ... and occupie the saide office of Chaunceller of Irelond byhym self or by his sufficient depute there after the fourme of the kynges le//res patentes to hym made ferof. the which...
... developments:(a) the loss of plural concord on the verb; and (b) the loss of the infinitive suffix -{e)n. If we think along the lines suggested in the previous section, taking into account the interdependence ... dropped, the reduced words came underother subcases ofthe RSR: thus luvede \% stressed by (39c), reduced luvedby the default case of (39b).So the bulk of words originally stressed by the GSR ... categories torepresent, and the deployment of particular forms in the syntax. Walksin this perspective is the form the verb takes when the tense of the whole clause is present, the subject is third...
... be the same as the bare stem; merger ofthe original -endepresent participle with the -ing noun; and loss of the ge- prefix. All of these are virtually complete by about 1500. The story of ... with the general view (the 'London bias', 2.1.4) that the further awayfrom London and the southeast midlands a text comes from, the less is its directrelevance to &apos ;the historyof ... fundamental to the methodology ofthe LALME (Mc-lntosh, Samuels & Benskin 1986), and is particularly prominent in the work ofthe founder ofthe project, Angus Mclntosh. Effectively, the view...