... CERT® GUIDE TO SYSTEMANDNETWORK SECURITY PRACTICES8 THE CERT® GUIDE TO SYSTEMANDNETWORK SECURITY PRACTICESTo Identify and Enable Systems andNetwork Logging MechanismsIdentify and Install ... establishment and maintenance of secure configura-tions and the secure operations of critical assets.Most systemandnetwork administrators have developed their knowledge of how toprotect and secure systems ... following informa-tion assets:• Detection tools•Networks• Systems (including processes and user behavior)• Networkandsystem performance• Files and directories• Hardware• Access to physical...
... and re- near the grammatical end of the continuum are called grammatical morphemes.Note that grammatical morphemes include forms that we can consider to be words like the, a, and, and of and ... of all, we should understand deeply about its morpheme system. Living in a community, human beings need a tool to communicate with each other, and to carry on human and social affairs. They, ... also play an 17English morpheme system Luong Thuan & Kim Phuong• First, both English morphemes and Vietnamese morphemes are the smallest unit of language and can not be divided into smaller...
... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb andapplication server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application Footprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management system Any system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb andapplication server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application Footprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management system Any system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed between the two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb andapplication server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated by the Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTSStatic Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components<form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantagesWorks on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application Footprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management system Any system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/...
... Linux ext2 Kiểu filesystem đợc dùng chủ yếu trên Linux partition. iso9660 Kiểu ISO 9660 filesystem đợc dùng với CD-ROM disks. sysv Kiểu Nhằm hỗ trợ cho dạng UNIX System V filesystem. msdos ... dới Linux systems:## Sample /etc/fstab file for a Linux machine## Local mounts/dev/sda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1mkswap /dev/hda22. Mounting and unmounting file systemsMounting file systemsNh ... Bỏ mount một hệ thống file (điểm mount). I. File Systemand Disk Administration1. Cấu trúc th mục trên Unix / - Th mục gốc trên UNIX file system. /bin - Là symbol link tới /usr/bin chứa các...
... solaris dùng lệnh newfs), mkswap tạo swap file system. Ví dụ mke2fs /dev/hda1 mkswap /dev/hda2 3. Mounting and unmounting file systems Mounting file systems Như ta đ biêt hệ thống file của UNIX ... của người sử dụng. ỹ Số trang đ in. VIII.File Systemand Disk Administration 1. Cấu trúc thư mục trên Unix ỹ / - Thư mục gốc trên UNIX file system. ỹ /bin - Là symbol link tới /usr/bin chứa ... recover bởi fsck. 2. Creating file systems Giới thiệu về UNIX- Một số thao tác cơ bản trên UNIX 77 ỹ sysv Kiểu Nhằm hỗ trợ cho dạng UNIX System V filesystem. ỹ msdos Kiểu DOS partition...
... configure Nagios.CHAPTER 6 N NETWORK MONITORING 159The last options from the Monitoring section that I want to cover here are Service Problems, Host Problems, andNetwork Outages. Each of these ... small example network in which four Linux servers are used. Three of these are on the internal network, and one of them is on the Internet. Nagios can monitor other operating systems as well, ... N NETWORK MONITORING 132+ap_+j]ceko.+dpl]oos`*qoano, but this file is not created automatically. The following command creates it for you, puts a user with the name j]ceko]`iej in it, and...
... Each office uses a standard user account and password for all servers in that office. Network administrators in each office know the user account and password combination. Network administrators ... of the bandwidth used between the Chicago and New York offices. Bandwidth utilization between these two offices is currently cause for concern. Network traffic between the Chicago and New York ... level of availability and reduced latency between the New York and Boston offices is required. Bandwidth utilization between the Boston and New York offices is minimal and is not a concern in...
... standards and transmitted using well-defined networks and protocols. An understanding of the coding formats, standards, and pro-tocols and the standards for transmission is useful to understand ... This includes the file formats, protocols, and video and audio coding standards as standardized by the 3GPP and 3GPP2 for useon mobile networks. Graphics and animation in the mobile environmentare ... location detection and navigation, and the utility of suchmultimedia is magnified manifold as a personal mobility tool. Theability to handle office applications and mail and to view and modifydocuments...